Abstract: The present disclosure describes systems and methods to create improved three-dimensional models which may be fabricated from multiple materials. In some examples, intervening layers may be used to create better composite structures of the multiple materials. In other examples, intervening layers may convey information such as the depiction of borders. In some embodiments, the models are of one or more body parts of a patient, and accordingly are built using patient-specific data and/or a database of generic body parts.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes systems and methods to create three-dimensional tangible models which may be taken apart and reassembled with ease and accuracy. The three-dimensional tangible models may be segmented, layered, or otherwise able to be disassembled and reassembled again, so one is able to present views of an interior or otherwise obscured portion of a tangible object. In some examples, a tangible segmented model corresponds to a patient-specific body part.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for generating a patient-specific anatomical model. DICOM may be used to describe an anatomical portion of a patient and features may be differentiated that relate to a various biological systems. A user or a controller may designate a portion of features that relate to a biological system to be produced in a tangible model. A data file is generated that represents a surface geometry of a three-dimensional object representative of the portion of the features that relate to the biological system. Fabrication apparatus is operated to produce the object, which includes a tangible three-dimensional model of features that relate to the biological system.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for generating a patient-specific replacement body part. DICOM may be used to describe an anatomical portion of a patient and features may be differentiated that relate to a various biological systems. A user or a controller may designate a portion of features that relate to a biological system to be produced in a tangible model. A data file is generated that represents a surface geometry of a three-dimensional object representative of the portion of the features that relate to the biological system. Fabrication apparatus is operated to produce the object, which includes a tangible three-dimensional model of features that relate to the biological system.