Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a membrane and such membrane. The method comprises the steps of: —providing a container with electrolyte; —placing a structure in the container; and —providing at least two electrodes with a potential difference to achieve a plasma electrolytic oxidation on the structure. Preferably, the structure comprises a metallic structure, with the metallic structure chosen from the group of Titanium, Aluminum, Magnesium, Zirconium, Zinc and Niobium, and/or an alloy.

Abstract: The present specification relates to a method to produce electrically isolated or insulated areas in a metal, and a product comprising such area. The method according to the invention comprising the steps of: providing a metallic structure; performing a plasma electrolytic oxidation and/or anodization process such that an oxide layer is achieved on an area of the metallic structure; and electrically isolating a part of the metallic structure by removing part of the metallic structure and/or connecting a further metallic structure to the metallic structure with the oxide layer.

Abstract: The present specification relates to heater element, device provided therewith and method for manufacturing such heater element. The heater element comprises a heater of a resistance heating metal that is provided in, at or close to a fluid path configured for heating fluid, wherein the heater comprises a conductor that is provided with a porous ceramic layer. In embodiments, the ceramic layer is provided on or at the conductor with plasma electrolytic oxidation. The ceramic layer has a thickness in the range of 5-300 ?m.

Abstract: The invention relates to a microbial filter device and method for providing such device. The method for manufacturing the microbial filter device comprises the steps of:—providing a first metal layer;—providing a side of the first metal layer with a porous metal oxide layer; and—after providing the porous metal oxide layer providing a number of chamber defining structures in the first metal layer that are in contact with the porous metal oxide layer.