Abstract: An X-ray detector (401, 501, 601) has a detecting element that comprises a semiconductor heterostructure where an undoped Germanium layer (402, 502) is enclosed between two oppositely doped Gallium Arsenide layers (403, 404, 503, 505).

Abstract: An antenna-coupled microbolometer structure comprises a substrate (301), an antenna (102, 103) supported by the substrate, and a thermally sensitive element (101, 305) connected to the antenna and arranged to dissipate electric currents induced into the antenna. Both the antenna (102, 103) and the thermally sensitive element (101, 305) comprise material that is susceptible to achieving a superconductive state below a certain critical temperature. The thermally sensitive element (101, 305) is supported at a distance from the substrate (301) leaving an empty gap (306) between the thermally sensitive element (101, 305) and a surface of the substrate (301).

Abstract: The invention relates to a radiation detector, an arrangement and a method for an energy-dispersive detection of X-ray photons. X-ray photons are allowed to collide (701) in the radiation detector (201, 601), whereby there are produced (702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708) observations of the X-ray photons that collided in the detector. According to the invention, there are separately produced observations of X-ray photons (702, 703, 704) that collided in the first detector space (205, 501) of the radiation detector and X-ray photons (705, 706, 707, 708) that collided in the second detector space (206, 502) of the radiation detector. The (712) observations of X-ray photons that collided in the first detector space (205, 501) are ignored, when there is received a simultaneous observation of an X-ray photon that collided in the second detector space.

Abstract: The invention relates to detection performed over millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths, especially to imaging solutions functioning over a submillimeter-wavelength range. The system of the invention uses detectors, comprising antenna coupled bolometers together with wavelength selective optics. The detector matrix is preferably curved for reducing the number of imaging errors. In order to provide a curved detector matrix, the detector matrix is constituted by flat submatrices, each being provided with one or more integrated antenna coupled bolometers. The detectable frequency range is preferably limited in two stages, first by means of wavelength selective optics and secondly by means of the operating band of the antenna of an antenna coupled bolometer. In order to focus the incoming radiation on bolometers, the bolometer substrate is fitted or the surface or interior of the bolometer substrate is provided with a bolometer lens or a corresponding optical element in alignment with each bolometer.

Abstract: The invention relates to X-ray fluorescence measuring systems, more specifically to methods for producing polarized X-radiation. The invention is based on the idea of using beryllium as the anode material despite its poor effectiveness. Some of the X-radiation spectrum produced by a beryllium anode is polarized radiation, more specifically its high-energy portion. The system of the invention involves filtering out the low-energy portion of the spectrum, whereby the remaining intensely polarized radiation can be used as excitation radiation in X-ray fluorescence measurements. The system of the invention is capable of achieving a certain intensity of polarized X-radiation by means of an X-ray tube less powerful than those used in common prior art solutions based on the use of scattering media.

Abstract: The invention relates to a measuring element for a portable micro-X-ray spectrometer, said element comprising a radiation protected housing, at least an X-ray source, a detector, cooling parts for the detector and means for activating the X-ray source and the detector. In accordance with the invention, in order to advantageously guide the X-rays obtained by the X-ray source away from the radiation protected housing (1), at least one capillary tube (3) has been mounted in the X-ray source (4), said capillary tube (3), at the opposite end of the tube as seen from the X-ray source, being connected to a hole formed in the detector (5) for conducting the X-rays out of the radiation protected housing (1). The inner section of the capillary tube (3) is smaller at the end which, seen from the X-ray source, is opposite than at the end at the X-ray source (4).

Abstract: In an all electronic multi energy system at least two levels of x-ray energy are produced sequentially and rapidly at independently controllable and different power or flux levels. In the system there are a triode x-ray tube which selects the operating current of the system and a series connected temperature limited diode or triode which controls the voltage across the first x-ray tube. This system provides improved performance in x-ray imaging applications at low cost, for example, in baggage inspection or measurements of bone densities and medical fluoroscopy. The objective of the system is to produce a maximum amount of useful information with a minimum amount of exposure for the patient or object to be illuminated by x-ray flux. With human patients this is desirable for health safety reasons; for baggage inspection, to reduce exposure to photographic films.