Abstract: A method of manufacturing a reference electrode which has a shaft into which a diaphragm body of a porous ceramic is incorporated is comprised of the following method steps: Impregnating the ceramic with a lyogel precursor prior to incorporating the ceramic body into the shaft, and subsequently transforming the lyogel precursor into a lyogel, from which the solvent is removed through a drying process. A reference electrode has a shaft that is filled with electrolyte, and a diaphragm body formed of a porous ceramic and containing a system of hollow spaces is incorporated into the wall of the shaft. The system of hollow spaces is filled at least partially with a material that is formed of a lyogel by drying and has at least one component that corresponds to the ceramic material.

Abstract: A weighing module 1 has a force-transmitting linkage 13 arranged between the load-receiving portion 3 of the weighing cell 2 and the load receiver 5, with an overload protection device that precisely maintains its position being an integral part of the force-transmitting linkage 13. By means of a positioning element 7, 107, 207, the load receiver 5 is positioned without play relative to the load-receiving portion 3 in the plane that extends orthogonal to the load direction, and the load receiver 5 is also guided in the load direction without play. When forces in excess of the pre-tension force of the elastic element 8 act on the load receiver 5, the latter has the capability of being displaced in the load direction and to tip in all directions that are orthogonal to the load direction. The housing part 18 serves to delimit at least the range of linear downward deflection as well the tipping movement of the load receiver 5 when the load receiver 5 is exposed to transverse forces and to overloads.

Abstract: An exemplary weighing module is disclosed which has a load receiver and a weighing cell that are connected to each other by a force-transmitting rod, wherein the weighing module is arranged inside a design space whose dimensions in a plane extending orthogonal to the load direction are limited by the design spaces occupied by neighboring weighing cells or represent the largest dimension of the weighing cell in said plane. An exemplary weighing cell has a parallel-guiding mechanism in which at least one movable parallel leg which is connected to the force-transmitting rod and at least one stationary parallel leg are arranged with a predefined guiding distance from each other, connected to each other by at least one upper parallel-guiding member and at least one lower parallel-guiding member. The effective length of the parallel-guiding members is larger than the guiding distance, and the movable parallel leg does not protrude out of the design space.

Abstract: A balance is equipped with a draft shield that surrounds a weighing compartment and has at least one sidewall which can be designed to be slidable to allow the draft shield to be opened and closed. An access opening is provided in the sidewall, and a closure element serves to close off the access opening. The size and position of the access opening in the sidewall can be varied by means of the closure element.

Abstract: The functioning of an amperometric electrochemical sensor having an electrochemical cell is monitored by the electrochemical cell. A perturbation quantity is imposed on the sensor, which is operated with voltage control at a given polarization voltage. The response to the perturbation is measured and a check value is calculated, using the response under the perturbation as an input value. The check value is compared to a system-dependent limit value. If the check value is larger than the system-dependent limit value, the initial polarization voltage is changed by a predefined voltage increment and the process is repeated, until an optimal polarization voltage has been found, i.e., until the calculated check value is smaller than the system-dependent limit value. A measuring system that serves to carry out the method is also described. An automated embodiment utilizes a computer-supported control- and processing-unit with a data memory and a data-evaluating program.

Abstract: A scale (1) having a scale housing (3) serving to house the weighing mechanism and the weighing electronics, which stands on a support base on at least three support points (5,5?), is designed to be connectable to and disconnectable from a display and operating unit (6). A connection element (9) is provided to produce a mechanical coupling between the scale (1) and the display and operating unit (6), which can be attached to the bottom side of the scale housing (3) and is designed to be supported on at least two support points (5) of the scale (1) and can be engaged in a self-locating way in a third point on the bottom side of the scale housing (3).

Abstract: A weighing module with a housing surrounding a weighing cell on all sides has a vertically movable force transfer member designed to be connected to a load-receiving device. The force transfer member extends through a passage opening of a housing wall and is rigidly connected to a vertically movable part of the weighing cell. The weighing module includes a dust-removing device which further includes a means for generating a gas flow directed away from the movable part of the scale for the purpose of preventing an accumulation of dust between the stationary housing and the vertically movable force transfer member.

Abstract: A device to weigh substantially uniform weighing objects has a plurality of weighing modules and an equal number of load carriers that have central lengthwise axes extending in the direction of the load. Each of the load carriers is connected, respectively, to one of the weighing modules through a force-transmitting rod, and the load carriers are disposed in a given spatial or two-dimensional arrangement in which the distances between neighboring central lengthwise axes are smaller than the largest lengthwise extension of the respective weighing modules.

Abstract: A device to weigh objects of like nature has at least a first weighing module and a second weighing module. Each weighing module includes a load receiver and a weighing cell connected to each other through a force-transmitting rod. Each weighing cell is arranged in a design space whose dimensions in a plane that extends orthogonal to the direction of the load is delimited by the design spaces of adjacent weighing cells.

Abstract: A calibration weight 100 for a gravimetric measuring instrument includes a calibration weight base module 101 which is equipped with at least one attachment area 106. The calibration weight 100 further has at least one positioning means 104 and at least one transfer element 105. The attachment area 106 allows supplemental weights 102 to be built onto the calibration weight base module 101; the positioning means 104 serves to position the calibration weight 100 in relation to the calibration weight arm 20; and the transfer element 105 serves as the place through which the transfer mechanism lever 31 applies its force and effects a transfer.

Abstract: An electronic balance with a force-transmitting device (1, 101) has a calibration weight arrangement (4, 104). The arrangement includes a calibration weight (3, 103) capable of being coupled to the force-transmitting device (1, 101). It also includes a transfer mechanism and a drive source to effect a guided movement of the calibration weight (3, 103). The drive source has an actuator (16) that cooperates with the transfer mechanism and consists, at least in part, of a shape memory alloy. The actuator (16) moves the calibration weight (3, 103) through a structural change of the shape memory alloy as a result of a temperature change.

Abstract: The calibration weight arrangement for an electronic balance with a force-transmitting device (1), includes a calibration weight (14) capable of coupling to the force-transmitting device (1). The calibration weight (14) is moved vertically by a transfer mechanism and a drive source to establish and to release the force-transmitting contact between the calibration weight (14) and the force-transmitting device (1). The transfer mechanism has at least one resetting element (22, 37, 38, 40, 43) and a lifting system configured as a knee joint linkage (17, 117, 217). The resetting element (22, 37, 38, 40, 43) and the lifting system work together to arrest and cushion the calibration weight (14) if the balance is shocked, dropped or hit.

Abstract: A balance with a balance housing serving to accommodate a weighing mechanism and weighing-related electronics is equipped with a weighing pan and with a draft protection element which can be loosely positioned on the balance housing and which surrounds the weighing pan. The balance housing is equipped with a step which serves to receive the draft protection element and whose seating surface for the draft protection element is arranged below the topside of the balance housing.

Abstract: A receptacle-filling system in a balance with a weighing compartment and with a balance housing containing a weighing cell and forming the rear wall and the floor of the weighing compartment is equipped with a weighing object carrier which is attached to a cantilevered extension of the weighing cell. The extension has a coupling arrangement reaching through passage openings in the rear wall of the weighing compartment, the weighing object carrier being removably attached by the coupling arrangement. Arranged at the rear wall of the weighing compartment is a fixed holder system which allows a source container device to be fastened at different heights above the floor, wherein the source container device includes a source container holder.

Abstract: The method and apparatus serve to treat a multi-walled glass body, in particular a glass body (20) with a glass membrane (25) for a chemical sensor or measuring probe, wherein a portion of at least one wall or of an interior tube (21) is to be fused, and wherein the fusing can have the purpose of closing off a first chamber (291). A glass element (286) which serves to absorb radiation energy is inserted in the vicinity of the portion (210) of either the wall or of the interior tube (21) that is to be fused. The glass element (286) is exposed to the radiation energy of at least one energy radiator (17), whereby the glass element (286) and the portion (210) of either the wall or the interior tube (21) are fused together.

Abstract: In a force-transmitting mechanism (1, 101) with a parallel-guiding mechanism having a stationary (2) and a movable (4) parallelogram leg (2), with a lever mechanism having at least one lever (6), and with at least one coupling element (5, 105) that introduces a force into the lever mechanism or transfers the force within the lever mechanism, wherein the coupling element is stiff in its lengthwise direction but bends elastically. The coupling element has at least one first flexure joint (8) with a thin material connection and it is movable in the parallelogram plane. The lever mechanism and each coupling element (5, 105) are integral parts of a material block. Each coupling element (5, 105) also has at least two second flexure joints (16, 116) with thin material connections whose flexibility is in the direction transverse to the bending of the first flexure joint (8).

Abstract: A reference electrode for potentiometric measurements has a housing (2) with a hollow space (4) containing a liquid reference electrolyte (6) as well as a conductor element (8) immersed in the reference electrolyte. In addition, the housing has a diaphragm (12) through which the reference electrolyte can be brought into contact with a measuring medium (10) outside of the housing. Furthermore, means are provided to effect an outflow of the reference electrolyte through the diaphragm. A first electrical contact element (20, 36) is arranged in the hollow space in such a manner that the contact element is immersed in the reference electrolyte as long as the fill level (18) of the reference electrolyte does not fall below a threshold value (FS), and that the contact element is not immersed in the reference electrolyte if the fill level falls short of the threshold value.

Abstract: A balance includes a weighing cell with a vertically movable load receiver, a weighing pan to receive a weighing load, and a support element to couple the weighing pan to the vertically movable load receiver of the weighing cell. A cantilever arm with a seat for at least one calibration weight is solidly connected to the support element. The balance has a coupling arrangement that constrains the support element with low-friction mobility to the load receiver at three points forming a triangle in a plane that extends orthogonal to the symmetry plane of the weighing cell, wherein the triangle is symmetric to the symmetry plane of the weighing cell. Under the coupling arrangement, the support element is solidly supported on the load receiver in the direction in which the weighing load is acting.