Abstract: A process is provided for preparing groundwood pulp from debarked pulpwood logs which comprises grinding the logs under a superatmospheric pressure of a gas selected from the group consisting of steam, air and steam and air, while continuously supplying thereto process white water and water separated in thickening groundwood pulp suspension at a temperature within the range from about 75.degree. to about 100.degree. C.

Abstract: A screw conveyor is provided capable of maintaining a relatively uniform flow of conveyed material, even when operating well below its flow capacity, having a helical screw with a plurality of helical blade segments at one end, each segment extending over an arc of from about 100.degree. to about 130.degree. about the central stem of the screw, and having a pitch length within the range from about 0.5 to about 3 times the pitch length of the helical screw; the pitch length of the helical screw being from about 0.5 to about 1 times its diameter; the segments being spaced apart a distance within the range from about 0 to about 22 mm; the plurality of segments taken collectively defining a plurality of through passages extending axially along the central stem of the screw, and extending in uniformly spaced relationship .+-.10.degree. circumferentially about the 360.degree.

Abstract: A process is provided for preparing groundwood pulp from debarked pulpwood logs, which comprises grinding the logs under a superatmospheric pressure of a gas selected from the group consisting of steam, air, and steam and air, while continuously supplying thereto water comprising spent bleaching liquor at a temperature of at least 70.degree. C. and forming a pulp suspension in the resulting aqueous liquor; centrifugally separating steam from the pulp suspension and using the separated hot steam to heat spent bleaching liquor supplied for the grinding; thickening the pulp suspension to a concentration within the range from about 5 to about 40% and supplying water separated therefrom to the grinding; diluting the pulp suspension to a concentration within the range from about 0.5 to about 4.

Abstract: Process and apparatus are provided for disintegrating waste paper containing metallic and similar particulate material appreciably heavier than the paper, and separating the heavier material from an aqueous slurry of disintegrated paper fibers and particles by centrifugal force and gravity settling, comprising disintegrating waste paper in the presence of water while imparting a vortical flow to the resulting slurry of a velocity sufficient to throw relatively heavy particulate material towards the outer periphery of the resulting vortex while lighter waste paper fibers and particles move towards the inner periphery of the vortex; establishing a relatively quiescent zone below the outer periphery of the vortex; permitting the heavier particulate material in that zone to settle out and collect; and withdrawing a slurry of waste paper fibers and particles from an inner peripheral portion of the vortex relatively free from heavier particulate material.

Abstract: A method is provided for controlling the addition of active chemical for delignifying and/or bleaching cellulose pulp suspended in an aqueous liquor containing at least one chemical reactive with such active chemical, which comprises determining the amount of active chemical consumed by the chemical reactive with the active chemical in the liquor; adding the active chemical to the cellulose pulp suspension; and then after a predetermined time interval determining the amount of active chemical consumed by the chemical and cellulose pulp reactive with the active chemical in the liquor; from these determinations determining the amount of active chemical consumed by the pulp; and then carrying out the delignification and/or bleaching with an amount of active chemical adjusted according to the amount of active chemical consumed by the pulp.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for shredding and dry-defibrating compressed cellulose pulp, and depositing the resulting fibrous material on a foraminous support to form a batt of relatively uniform density while controlling the feed of cellulose pulp material through the shredding and dry-defibrating operations to the foraminous support according to the output rate of the batt-forming operation, to ensure a relatively uniform density in the batt withdrawn from the foraminous support.

Abstract: Multiaxle vehicles are provided having a superstructure that tilts less than the wheel axle support therefor, comprising a chassis; at least first and second wheel axles supporting the chassis, at least one of which is pivotably mounted on the chassis so as to be tiltable sideways about the pivot mounting in a plane substantially parallel to the sideways tilting plane of the vehicle; a superstructure pivotably mounted on the chassis above the pivot mounting for the tiltable axle, for tilting about the pivot mounting in a plane parallel to the axle tilting plane; and means on one side of the pivot mounting for the tiltable axle, linking the superstructure of the tiltable axle, and pivotably attached to the superstructure on one side of the chassis and to the tiltable axle on the other side of the chassis, the spacing between the pivot mounting of the axle and the pivot attachment of the linking means thereto being less than the spacing between the pivot mounting of the superstructure and the pivot attachment o

Abstract: A process is provided for the bleaching of cellulose pulp, particularly for the peroxide bleaching of high yield pulp, which comprises forming a suspension of lignocellulosic pulp material; mixing the suspension in a mixing zone with a bleaching agent while adjusting the temperature of the pulp suspension to within the range from about +10.degree. C. to about -10.degree. C. of a temperature within the range from about 40.degree. to about 95.degree. C. at which bleaching is to be carried out; quickly dewatering the pulp suspension to a pulp consistency within the range from about 18 to about 50%, equal to or at most 5% less than the pulp consistency of the pulp suspension charged to the mixing zone; passing the dewatered pulp suspension to the bleaching zone before its temperature can change substantially from the adjusted temperature; carrying out the bleaching with a bleaching agent at the selected bleaching temperature within the range from about 40 to about 95.degree. C.

Abstract: Process and apparatus are provided for the preparation of improved high-yield cellulose pulps, such as semichemical, chemimechanical, thermomechanical, and mechanical pulps, which comprises mechanically defibrating a mixture of particulate lignocellulosic materials which have been partially pulped and softened to different extents. Part of the raw lignocellulosic material is particulate form is washed, moistened with steam, impregnated with pulping chemicals and pulped to a yield of from about 65 to about 92%. Another part is treated in similar manner but either not pulped at all or, if pulped, pulped to a lesser extent. The two parts are mixed without intermediate washing, after which the mixture is subjected to a vapor phase pulping by heating to a temperature within the range from about 90 to about 200.degree. C. under pressure to obtain softening of the lignin, and delignification, after which the resulting product is mechanically defibrated to form cellulose pulp.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided for controlling the supply of aqueous suspending liquid in continuously washing fibrous suspensions in aqueous suspending liquors containing dissolved impurities, to remove such impurities by exchanging aqueous suspending liquors substantially free from such impurities for the aqueous suspending liquor, which comprises washing fibrous material of the suspension in aqueous suspending liquid substantially free from dissolved impurities, and forming a washed fibrous suspension in such liquid; withdrawing aqueous suspending liquor containing dissolved impurities; diluting the washed fibrous suspension by adding aqueous suspending liquid substantially free from dissolved impurities; determining the amount of dissolved impurities remaining with the fibrous suspension after the washing has been completed by measuring (1) the volumetric flow rate of the washed suspension; (2) the liquid content of the washed suspension; and (3) the content of dissolved impurities in the suspending

Abstract: An apparatus for cutting, felling, and debranching trees is provided, having a felling head carried on a mobile crane, the felling head including (i) a device for grasping and holding a tree; (ii) a device for cutting and felling a tree; and (iii) a device for debranching a tree, the felling head being pivotable between a position in which the tree can be cut and felled, and a position in which the felled tree can be debranched; since the tree holding, tree cutting and felling, and tree debranching means are all operatively carried on a common support, the felling head, the size of the apparatus is reduced, conserving weight, with a resultant increased maneuverability.

Abstract: A process for pulping hardwood to produce cellulose pulp in good yield and of high quality, with a low requirement for causticized pulping liquor, which comprises in a first pulping stage pulping the hardwood in an alkaline pulping liquor containing sodium sulfide at a pH of about 10.5 to about 13 and at a temperature within the range from about 110.degree. to about 170.degree. C while generating hydrogen sulfide in situ by reaction of sodium sulfide with organic acids liberated in the pulping; and then in a second pulping stage, following directly after the first pulping stage, continuing the pulping at a pH higher than said first stage pH, within the range of about 12.5 to about 14 and at a temperature higher than said first stage temperature within the range from about 145.degree. to about 190.degree. C, in the presence of added alkaline pulping liquor comprising sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide until cellulose pulp is produced.

Abstract: A process is provided for reducing the requirement of fresh chemicals without increasing emissions in the pulping of cellulosic material with alkaline sodium- and sulfur-containing-sulfate pulping liquor, which comprises evaporating and burning spent sulfate pulping liquor to obtain a smelt; dissolving the resulting smelt in water to form a sodium-sulfide-sodium carbonate-containing solution green liquor; regenerating pulping white liquor containing sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide from said green liquor; and recirculating said regenerated white liquor to the pulping stage; oxidizing at least one of the resulting green and white liquors to form sodium thiosulfate therein; reacting the oxidized liquor with residual acid liquor, from the manufacture of chlorine dioxide by reduction of an alkali metal chlorate solution, to convert thiosulfate to sulfur dioxide and sulfur; removing and recovering formed sulfur dioxide; and returning the residual liquor, freed from sulfur dioxide, to the pulping.

Abstract: A process is provided for the delignification of lignocellulosic material wherein the lignocellulosic material, prior to the delignification, is treated with water or an aqueous solution to remove compounds which catalyze the degradation of carbohydrates and then the delignification is carried out with oxygen and alkali in the presence of a manganese compound to improve the selectivity of the delignification and increase the rate of delignification.

Abstract: A digging and planting machine is provided having a tubular digging and planting tool, and at least two surface-detecting and signalling means for sensing the surface of the ground adjacent the digging tip of the tool, preferably on opposed sides of the digging tip, thus gauging the lay of the surface, so as to ensure that the digging tip provides and a plant is fed to a planting hole of the desired depth.

Abstract: A digging and planting machine is provided, having a tubular digging and planting tool movable being ground-contacting and ground-elevated positions, and having an open digging and planting tip end; closure means movable between a first position closing off the open end for digging a hole and a second position exposing the open end for delivery of a plant from the planting tool into the hole; and means for compacting earth around the plant after planting.

Abstract: A cyclic process is provided for utilizing sodium values in sulfate cellulose pulping, in which sodium losses normally are less than sodium additions to the process, thus tending to build up a sodium surplus, and which includes the steps of pulping cellulosic material with a pulping liquor comprising sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide, separating spent pulping black liquor, evaporating and combusting the black liquor to recover sodium values as sodium sulfide and sodium carbonate, dissolving the sulfide and sodium carbonate in water to form green liquor, causticizing the green liquor with calcium hydroxide to form white liquor, and recycling white liquor to form pulping liquor, the improvement comprising maintaining sodium balance at least in part by removing sodium values as white liquor, oxidizing the white liquor with air at an elevated temperature, and utilizing the oxidized white liquor as a source of alkali in another cellulose pulp treatment process.

Abstract: Process for improving the selectivity of delignification of lignocellulosic material in the presence of oxygen gas and alkali by maintaining a carbon monoxide content in the gas phase within the range from about 1% to about 12% by volume. The carbon monoxide concentration is maintained by withdrawing carbon monoxide and oxygen gas from the delignification, and separating and recycling withdrawn oxygen gas.

Abstract: Asphalt compositions are provided having improved adhesion to aggregate, comprising an alkyl oxyalkylene amine and, optionally, an alkanolamine.