Abstract: Systems and methods here may include a modular battery pack including a housing, and within the housing: individual battery cells arranged in rows, a circuit board at one end of the housing configured to manage a thermal condition of the battery pack, heat sensors in communication with the circuit board, an enclosed heat pipe arrangement in a corrugated configuration arranged between each row of battery cells within the housing, and a fan and/or Peltier heat sink configured at one end of the battery pack housing, in communication with the circuit board.