Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing chlorine gas whereby a nanobubble generator introduces nanobubbles at a concentration of at least 106 nanobubbles per cm3 into an electrolytic cell comprising a pair of electrodes and a chlorine-containing, electrolyzable liquid, and the electrolytic cell is operated to produce chlorine gas.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing hydrogen gas whereby a nanobubble generator introduces nanobubbles at a concentration of at least 107 nanobubbles per cm3 into an electrolytic cell comprising a pair of electrodes and a hydrogen-containing, electrolyzable liquid, and the electrolytic cell is operated to produce hydrogen gas.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing nano-bubbles in a volume of liquid is described. The apparatus includes a motor having a rotatable shaft, an axially rotatable permeable member couplable to a gas inlet, and a rotatable tube support coupled to the rotatable shaft of the motor and having an inner cavity that houses the axially rotatable permeable member. When rotated, the axially rotatable permeable member is rotated so that the surface velocity of the rotatable permeable member simulates axial turbulent flow above the turbulent threshold in the liquid that allows the liquid to shear gas from the outer surface of the axially rotatable permeable member, thereby forming nano-bubbles in the liquid.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing a composition that includes nano-bubbles dispersed in a liquid carrier includes: (a) an elongate housing comprising a first end and a second end, the housing defining a liquid inlet, a liquid outlet, and an interior cavity adapted for receiving the liquid carrier from a liquid source; and (b) a gas-permeable member at least partially disposed within the interior cavity of the housing. The gas-permeable member includes an open end adapted for receiving a pressurized gas from a gas source, a closed end, and a porous sidewall extending between the open and closed ends having a mean pore size no greater than 1.0 ?m. The gas-permeable member defines an inner surface, an outer surface, and a lumen. The housing and gas-permeable member are configured to form a composition that includes the liquid carrier and the nano-bubbles dispersed therein.