Abstract: A time synchronization method used for a time synchronization device is provided. The time synchronization device runs a plurality of Precision Time Protocol (PTP) instances to connect to a plurality of time synchronization domains through a plurality of ports. The time synchronization method includes selecting a grandmaster (GM) clock from the plurality of time synchronization domains; updating clock information of the grandmaster clock; determining whether each of the plurality of ports is a time receiving port or a time transmitting port according to the grandmaster clock; modifying clock attributes of each of the plurality of PTP instances according to whether the corresponding port is the time receiving port or the time transmitting port; and synchronizing, by the plurality of PTP instances, timings of the plurality of time synchronization domains according to the grandmaster clock.

Abstract: A time synchronization method is provided for a time synchronization device, wherein the time synchronization device runs a plurality of precision time protocol (PTP) instances to connect to a plurality of time synchronization domains respectively. The time synchronization method includes determining whether a frequency of a local PTP clock of the time synchronization device is changed; and updating a frequency of a local clock of the time synchronization device with the frequency of the local PTP clock in response to the frequency of the local PTP clock being changed.

Abstract: A network managing device for handling a data flow comprises a topology generating module, for generating a topology of at least one device of a network, and for determining at least one intelligent electric device (IED) of the at least one device according to the topology; a transmitting module, coupled to the topology generating module, for transmitting a request to a reception-transmission device, wherein the request is for requesting a substation information associated with the at least one IED; a receiving module, coupled to the transmitting module, for receiving the substation information from the reception-transmission device; a shortest path generating module, coupled to the receiving module, for generating a first shortest path of the at least one IED according to the substation information; and a data flow processing module, coupled to the shortest path generating module, for generating a data flow according to the first shortest path.

Abstract: A network architecture for network coupling and backup includes a backup network switch and at least one primary network switch configured in a switch group of a main network, for executing a network coupling redundancy method. The method includes sending, by the backup network switch a first control packet periodically; sending, by the at least one primary switch, a first ACK packet in response to receiving the first control packet; performing, by the backup network switch, link change according to a first condition; sending, by the at least one primary network switch, a second control packet according a second condition; sending, by the backup switch, a second ACK packet and performing link change according to the second control packet in response to receiving the second control packet; and performing, by the primary switch, link change in response to receiving the second ACK packet.

Abstract: A connecting assembly for providing an aligning connection between a first electronic device and a second electronic device includes a first connecting component disposed on the first electronic device, a plurality of first heat dissipating fins disposed on the first connecting component, a second connecting component disposed on the second electronic device, a plurality of second heat dissipating fins disposed on the second connecting component, and a pin. An engaging portion is formed on one of the first heat dissipating fins. A cooperating engaging portion is formed on one of the second heat dissipating fins. The pin protrudes from the first connecting component and for being inserted into the second connecting component. The engaging portion is for abutting against the cooperating engaging portion along a direction perpendicular to an inserting direction of the pin. Besides, a related electronic apparatus is also provided.

Abstract: A primary network switch, configured in a main network operating with a first redundancy protocol, is used for coupling a subnet operating with a second redundancy protocol, and the primary network switch executes a backup method. The backup method includes sending a first control packet through at least one first port; in response to sending the first control packet, receiving an ACK packet of the first control packet; and in response to receiving the ACK packet of the first control packet, switching a state of a second port, sending a second control packet through the at least one first port according to the first redundancy protocol so as to update a MAC address table of the main network, and sending a third control packet through the second port according to the second redundancy protocol to update a MAC address table of the subnet.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus with a two-way cable connection construction is provided. The electronic apparatus includes a casing kit and an electronic device. The casing kit includes a casing, a main circuit board and an auxiliary circuit board. The main circuit board and the auxiliary circuit board are disposed inside the casing. The auxiliary circuit board and the main circuit board are electrically connected to each other and non-coplanar with each other. When the electronic device is inserted into a mounting slot of the casing along a first direction, a mating electrical connector of the electronic device is connected to a first electrical connector of the auxiliary circuit board. When the electronic device is inserted into the mounting slot of the casing along a second direction opposite to the first direction, the mating electrical connector of the electronic device is connected to a second electrical connector of the auxiliary circuit board.

Abstract: A connecting assembly for aligning and connecting a first electronic device and a second electronic device is provided. The connecting assembly includes a first connecting component, a second connecting component, a pin, a resilient component and a locking component. The first connecting component is disposed on the first electronic device. The second connecting component is disposed on the second electronic device. The pin protrudes from the first connecting component and is configured to be inserted into the second connecting component along a first direction. The resilient component is disposed inside the second connecting component and configured to apply a radial resilient force onto the pin inserted into the second connecting component. The locking component is screwed onto the second connecting component and configured to apply a radial locking force onto the pin inserted into the second connecting component. Besides, a related electronic apparatus is also provided.

Abstract: A method of secure compartmentalization for IoT application and a IoT gateway using the same are provided. The method is adapted to the IoT gateway and includes the following steps. A plurality of zones corresponding to a plurality of subnets are created by partitioning the subnets. An application installed in the IoT gateway is deployed to one of the zones. A conduit policy associated with at least one of the zones is configured. Packet transmission of the zones is managed based on the conduit policy.

Abstract: A network apparatus and a network authentication method thereof are provided. The network apparatus serving as a server end includes a network interface device and a processor. The network interface device is configured to connect to a network. The processor is coupled to the network interface device, and configured to receive a network packet send by a client end through the network, acquire a verification data commonly agreed with the client end, and establish a network connection with the client end in response to a verification data recorded in the network packet matching the acquired verification data.

Abstract: A network switch comprises a primary port, coupled to a first network device through a primary link; a backup port, coupled to a second network device through a backup link; a processing unit, configured to execute a program code; and a storage unit, coupled to the processing unit, configured to store the program code to indicate to the processing unit to execute a link recovery method for dual-homing. The link recovery method comprises receiving a plurality of first data packets via the backup port to obtain first packet information when the backup port is in a forwarding state; receiving a plurality of second data packets via the primary port to obtain second packet information in response to detecting an electrical signal from the primary link; comparing the second packet information with the first packet information to obtain a comparison result; and performing link change according to the comparison result.

Abstract: A network apparatus and a network attack blocking method thereof are disclosed. The network apparatus includes a network interface device, a storage device, and a processor. The network interface device connects a network. The storage device stores a block list. The processor is coupled to the network interface device and the storage device, and selectively allows at least one communication port to serve as a service port for connecting with an external device according to environment information of the network, receives a network packet sent by the external device through the network by using the network interface device, and determines whether a destination port of the network packet is one of the service ports. If the destination port is one of the service ports, the processor establishes a connection with the external device and provides services.

Abstract: An electronic device is provided and includes a backplane assembly, a detachable assembly and a locking assembly. The detachable assembly is detachably assembled with the backplane assembly. A slot is formed on the detachable assembly. The locking assembly is disposed between the backplane assembly and the detachable assembly for locking the detachable assembly on the backplane assembly. The locking assembly includes a latch component pivotally disposed on the backplane assembly. An end of the latch component is configured to stretch into the detachable assembly through the slot. The end of the latch component engages with the slot for restraining the detachable assembly from being detached from the backplane assembly when the latch component is located at a locking position. Besides, a related backplane assembly kit and a related detachable assembly kit are also provided.

Abstract: A rail mounting backplane kit is provided and including a backplane assembly, a first mating structure and a second cooperating structure. The first mating structure is for cooperating with a first cooperating structure of a first cooperating backplane kit for allowing or restraining assembly of the backplane assembly and a first cooperating backplane assembly of the first cooperating backplane kit, and the first mating structure includes a plurality of first mating features, which can selectively be protruding, flat or recessed mating features. The second cooperating structure is for cooperating with a second mating structure of a second cooperating backplane kit for allowing or restraining assembly of the backplane assembly and a second cooperating backplane assembly of the second cooperating backplane kit, and the second cooperating structure includes a plurality of second cooperating features, which can selectively be protruding, flat, or recessed cooperating features.

Abstract: A method of determining routing path for a TSN system includes determining a plurality of candidate disjoint path pairs of each of a first plurality of streams according to a network topology; initializing a plurality of final routing path pairs used for the first plurality of streams and a plurality of background streams according to a first plurality of lengths of the first plurality of candidate disjoint path pairs; selecting a plurality of temporary routing path pairs used for the first plurality of streams and the plurality of background streams according to the first plurality of parameters; updating the first plurality of parameters according to the plurality of temporary routing path pairs; and replacing the plurality of temporary routing path pairs with the plurality of final routing path pairs in response to the plurality of temporary routing path pairs being better than the plurality of final routing path pairs.

Abstract: A rail mounting backplane assembly kit is provided and includes a backplane assembly, an engaging hook and a slot structure. The backplane assembly can be mounted on a rail and detachably assembled with a first cooperating backplane assembly or a second cooperating backplane assembly. The engaging hook is movably disposed on the backplane assembly. The engaging hook includes an operating portion, an engaging portion and a connecting portion connected between the operating portion and the engaging portion and received inside the backplane assembly. The operating portion and the engaging portion are exposed out of the backplane assembly. The engaging portion is for engaging with a cooperating slot structure on the first cooperating backplane assembly. The slot structure is formed on the backplane assembly and for engaging with a cooperating engaging hook on the second cooperating backplane assembly. Besides, a related rail mounting electronic device is also provided.

Abstract: A configuration method for static link aggregation is used for a first network device, wherein the first network device has a link aggregation group with a second network device. The configuration method includes receiving at least one packet sent by the second network device via at least one candidate port; determining a priority of each port of the at least one candidate port according to the at least one packet; determining one of the at least one candidate port as a backup port according to the priority of the each port; and updating the link aggregation group according to the backup port in response to a port of the link aggregation group being invalid.

Abstract: A communication method for a user terminal and a device terminal to exchange packets through a message broker, comprises the user terminal wrapping a first packet of a first communication protocol into a second packet with a second communication protocol and sending the second packet to the message broker, and the device terminal receiving the second packet from the message broker and obtaining the first packet wrapped in the second packet; or the device terminal wrapping a third packet of the first communication protocol into a fourth packet with the second communication protocol and sending the fourth packet to the message broker, and the user terminal receiving the fourth packet from the message broker and obtaining the third packet wrapped in the fourth packet. The first communication protocol is a communication protocol supported by the device terminal; the second communication protocol is a communication protocol supported by the message broker.

Abstract: When performing full firmware update procedure on an electronic device, a full firmware update file is divided into multiple pieces of update data and then arranged into a first and a second sub update files, a header file associated with the sizes of each sub update file is created, and the header file and the two sub update files are merged into a full FOTA file before being uploaded to the electronic device. The electronic device extracts each sub update file based on the header file and stores the extracted first and second sub update file respectively into a first and a second storage units. After performing the firmware update steps associated with the first sub update file, the second sub update file stored in the second storage unit is copied to the first storage unit before performing the firmware update steps associated with the second sub update file.