Abstract: A device for detecting differences in color of a material to be inspected, which device comprises a first light source emitting light of a first color and a second light source emitting light of a second color, an optical system adapted to project portions of the light emitted both by the first and the second light source onto first and second spaced apart measuring regions respectively, each measuring region being associated with means for measuring the amount of light reflected by the material. The device further comprises electronic switching means for alternately energizing the first and the second light source, means for transporting the material, means for controlling the intensity of the second light source in dependence upon the measured amount of reflected first light source light, and means for determining a difference in color from the measured amounts of reflection.

Abstract: There is disclosed an improved control circuit for a slit radiographic apparatus wherein the slit radiographic apparatus is comprised of an X-ray source adapted to scan a body to be radiographed through a slit diaphragm with a planar fan beam wherein the slit diaphragm is divided into a plurality of attenuating sections each associated with a controllable X-ray attenuating member and wherein there is provided a detection assembly for detecting the intensity of the radiation having passed through the body and divided into sections corresponding to attenuating sections of the slit diaphragm wherein each X-ray attenuating member is controlled by the control circuit including an energizing circuit and a comparison circuit for each attenuating member of the slit diaphragm whereby the comparison circuit compares an output signal of an associated section of the detection means to a reference signal to form an output coupled to the energizing circuit to control the attenuating member of a respective attenuating secti

Abstract: An apparatus for slit radiography comprising an X-ray source by means of which a body being irradiated can be scanned through a slit diaphragm by a substantially planar, fan-shaped X-ray beam, the scanning X-ray beam passed through the body impinging upon an X-ray detector. The apparatus comprises controllable attenuation elements coacting with the slit diaphragm, each element being adapted to influence a sector of the scanning X-ray beam under the control of signals generated by a radiation detector device. The radiation detector device is disposed between the body being irradiated and the X-ray detector. The radiation detector device comprises at least one radiation detector extending at any moment into the scanning X-ray beam passed through the body and moving in synchronism with the scanning movement of the X-ray beam.

Abstract: A system for measuring without contact the distance between a predetermined point of an object surface and a reference level using trigonometric principles includes a transmitting section with a source of radiation for emitting a plurality essentially parallel radiation beams of small separation to the point of the object surface to be investigated and a receiving section with a detector responsive to the reflected radiation. The detector converts the reflected radiation into a corresponding electrical signal and includes a radiation sensitive area which is restricted to a substantially linear area. The output of the detector is coupled to signal processing means in which a discriminating operation is carried out between detector signals which have, or have not, a predetermined separation or separations corresponding to the separation or separations between said radiation beams.

Abstract: A method of forming tomographic images in cross-sectional tomography, in which a body is irradiated by a flat X-ray beam at different angles for successively forming a plurality of profiles on an X-ray screen or an X-ray detector, and a tomogram is constructed from the profiles, wherein the body and the X-ray detector are kept stationary and that, for forming the different profiles, the source of the flat X-ray beam is moved in a relatively short path extending on the side of the body remote from the X-ray detector.

Abstract: A device and method for protecting optical means from contaminated gases, in which a substantially laminar flow of clean gas is passed over the surface of the optical means to be protected that is exposed to the contaminated gases.

Abstract: A pivoting mechanism having two lockable end positions, and comprising a stationary basic body having two first stop surfaces each defining an end position in cooperation each with a different one of first counter stop surfaces on a pivotable basic body drivable by means of a pivot shaft journalled in the stationary basic body. One of the basic bodies is further provided with two second stop surfaces directed oppositely to the first stop surfaces and each arranged, for locking one of the end positions, to cooperate with one of two second counter stop surfaces on a pawl member mounted for movement on the other basic body. The movement of the pawl member is controlled by a cam on a control body secured to the pivot shaft for rotation relative to the pivotable basic body.

Abstract: A device for directly viewing an image on a film transparency, in which the illuminating light source is controlled on the basis of discrete information elements written into and stored in a two-dimensional memory during a preliminary image brightness scanning operation. At option, the light beam produced by the light source either has its intensity or its scanning velocity controlled, in order to accordingly vary the brightness level of elementary film surface regions.Velocity modulation is to be preferred as the beam brightness level can then be maintained at an optimally constant value, while the dynamic contrast range of the image viewed by the observer is substantially determined by the beam velocity modulation range.

Abstract: Apparatus for the non-contact disintegration of concrements present in a body by means of sound shockwaves generated in one focus of at least one liquid-filled reflector formed in a reflector block wherein the reflector exhibits rotary symmetry in the form of a semi-ellipsoid (or in the focal line of a toroidal reflector having a semi-elliptical cross-section configuration) and wherein the reflector focuses the sound shockwaves to a second focus and wherein the apparatus further comprises a liquid-filled coupling member connected to the reflector block in a liquid-tight manner. The liquid-filled coupling member is relatively movable to the reflector and can be placed in contact with the skin of the body.

Abstract: A method of, and apparatus for, determining the image transfer quality of an imaging system on the basis of the signal-to-noise ratio. A reference pattern comprising at least two different portions is presented to an input of the system. One portion provides a television output signal which is a measure for the noise, and another portion provides a television output signal comprising the same amount of noise in a combination with an image signal component. The television output signals are compared to determine the signal-to-noise ratio.

Abstract: A method for making electrical contacts to diamond, in which a surface layer of the diamond is transformed by means of a laser beam into graphite having a sheet resistivity in the range of 5 to 100 Ohms. The diamond to be treated and the laser beam are moved with respect to each other according to a raster pattern. The laser is operated with such a pulse width and pulse frequency, the laser beam is focussed in such a way and is moved with respect to the diamond at such a speed, that pit-like surface areas of graphite are formed which join or overlap. After the graphitization a wire or other electrical conductor is fixed to the graphite layer, through which a diamond having electrical contacts is obtained.

Abstract: A scanner for periodically scanning an object to be examined with a beam of ultrasonic radiation. A transducer mounted within a housing emits a beam of ultrasonic radiation. The beam is guided and deflected respectively to a continuously rotating scanning reflector which is disposed opposite a stationary object reflector, from which the beam is directed to the object. The beam propagation path further includes a first focussing member adapted to focus the beam to a focal point within the housing, and a second focussing member adapted to focus the beam to a focal point within the object. In a preferred embodiment the first focussing member can be selectively adjusted. Thereby the focal area of the beam in the object can be conveniently shifted.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for the detection of ionizing radiation, in which a diamond is used as the radiosensitive element of the detecting apparatus, which diamond has low (2.times.10.sup.-3 at .% or less) nitrogen concentration and low (10.sup.-4 or less) birefringence, and in which diamond the lifetime of the free carriers generated by the ionizing radiation is 10.sup.-6 s or longer. The current-voltage characteristic of the diamond under irradiation is linear at low bias voltage and the dose rate can be determined from the resistivity of the diamond. A synthetic diamond crystal can be used to advantage as the radiosensitive element.

Abstract: An image intensifier of the proximity-focus type, comprising at least one photocathode and at least one anode screen located opposite to the photocathode, said photocathode and said anode screen being disposed in a hollow body in which a vacuum prevails, while, in use, there is an electrical field between cathode and anode. According to the invention the photocathode surface and the anode screen surface extend substantially parallel to the axis of the hollow body.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for recording and superimposing image information on the target of a scan converter tube. The image information is supplied in the form of an electric video signal by means whereof the electron beam projected from the cathode of the tube onto the target is modulated so as to form a charge image. The scan converter tube is alternatingly operated in the beam landing mode and in the secondary emission mode respectively.

Abstract: Electrical connection for the photocathode in an image intensifier tube, said photocathode being present on the input window of the image intensifier tube, and which input window is secured by means of a layer of vacuum-tight material, e.g. frit, to a metallic cathode flange, which in turn is secured to the outer wall of the image intensifier tube, and in which the electrical conducting lead effecting the connection is passed via the frit layer to the outside of the image intensifier tube, and in which means are provided for keeping the electrical conducting lead clear of the input window and/or the cathode flange at least at one place along its length through the frit layer.

Abstract: A package which loads a stack of single films into an internally bladed daylight cassette, has a waisted middle part accommodating the stack, a strip for retaining the package in the cassette, a transverse weld following the retaining strip, a pull tab for pulling the package out of the cassette, a transverse weld in the pull tab and a pair of longitudinal welds in the upper and lower side of the pull tab with widened portions in the zone where the cassette blades enter, which welds continue to the transverse weld.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method and apparatus for convoluting a signal representing a profile formed during X-ray tomography and a filter function wherein a one-dimensional image of the signal is expanded in a direction transverse to the line by means of an optical system whereby the expanded image is moved past masks in the direction of the line with the masks containing regions that are either fully transmissive or fully non-transmissive.

Abstract: An image intensifier tube has a light-absorbing electron-permeable layer covering an aluminum film overlying a layer of luminescent material in the anode structure of the tube. The light absorbing layer is silicon or boron, or a compound of silicon or boron, and has a thickness of about one-fourth the average wave length of light which impinges upon the photocathode during operation of the image intensifier tube.

Abstract: Flat out fanning beams of penetrating radiation in the plane of a slice of an object are bounded on one side by an axis of rotation through the object and extend on the other side past the object exterior. These beams are produced at corresponding angles of the rotation and impinge upon a continuous detector surface which is scanned at each angle to generate half profile signals which may then be processed to produce parallized profile signals.