Abstract: An improved lubricity water and diesel fuel emulsion is presented. The emulsion is used as fuel for diesel engines, and includes a lubricity additive selected from the group consisting of dimer acids, trimer acids, phosphate esters, sulfurized castor oil, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Reduction of slagging is improved by targeting slag-reducing chemicals in a furnace with the aid of computational fluid dynamic modeling. Chemical utilization and boiler maintenance are improved.

Abstract: The use of urea injection SNCR is enabled for rotary kilns of the type used to produce cement clinker. Rotary kilns are long cylinders that rotate about an inclined axis, with cement premix fed in at one end and a burner for heat at the other end. The geometry of the kilns and temperatures at the ends make introduction of ammonia or urea solutions ineffective or totally impractical. Urea prills can be injected at an initial velocity of at least 25, typically greater than 100, meters per second to reach into the kiln where a suitable temperature window for NO.sub.x reduction can be found.

Abstract: The removal of SO.sub.x and particulates, and preferably also NO.sub.x, from the combustion gases of a large boiler, is simplified while efficiency is improved. In a primary treatment zone, a slurry comprising an alkaline SO.sub.x -reducing composition and preferably a nitrogen-containing composition effective to reduce NO.sub.x, is introduced into combustion gases at a temperature of from about 900.degree. to about 1300.degree. C. The gases are cooled by initial contact with steam-generating means, and then by contact with an gas-to-gas heat exchanger. Cooled gases are then subjected to a secondary treatment in which they are first humidified and further cooled by introduction of a water spray or aerosol to reduce the temperature to 100.degree. C. or below. Contact between the SO.sub.x -reducing composition and the humidified gases is maintained for a reaction period of at least 2 seconds. Particulate solids are then separated from the gases with a fabric filter.

Abstract: The tendency of aqueous solutions of urea and other NH-containing compositions to force instability of hardness factors has been found to be detrimental to processes and apparatus employing them. The reliability of these processes and apparatus is improved by the inclusion of hardness-suppressing compositions, which preferably include both a water-soluble polymer and a phosphonate. In particular, agricultural and NO.sub.x -reducing applications are improved, especially for solutions containing urea hydrolysis products and the salts of them.

Abstract: Pollution from industrial plants which produce NO.sub.x and waste water is reduced by utilizing waste water to prepare aqueous NO.sub.x -reducing solutions. Total water hardness in the waste water is preferably maintained below 2500 ppm, silicate below 200 ppm and the calcium to magnesium ratio above 2:1. The aqueous NO.sub.x -reducing solution will preferably contain hardness suppressing compostions in effective amounts.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the use of a urea hydrolysate for nitrogen oxides reductions. More particularly, the process involves forming a urea hydrolysate under conditions of low pressure and introducing the hydrolysate into a combustion effluent under conditions effective for the reduction of nitrogen oxides.

Abstract: Improved processes and improved compositions reduce the environmental damage caused by large-scale combustion, especially in the field of NO.sub.x reduction by selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) in the gas phase. In one aspect, the process improves the reliability of known means, compositions and methods for reducing the concentration of pollutants in a gas stream by: preparing an aqueous solution comprising a pollutant-reducing agent and a water-dispersible polymer, and introducing the solution into the gas stream. Preferred polymers comprise high molecular weight polymers selected from the group consisting of homo and copolymers of acrylic acid and acrylamide with RSV values of at least 10, sodium acrylate acrylamide copolymers with RSV values of at least 10, sulfonmethylated acrylamide/acrylamide/acrylic acid terpolymers of RSV of at least 18, alkylene oxide polymers and copolymers, and mixtures of any of these and like polymers.

Abstract: A method for removing carbonyl sulfide from fluids, particularly gases, involves contacting them with alkaline aqueous solutions containing peroxide and hindered amine. The sulfur products so formed can then be separated from the fluid. In one embodiment, gas containing carbonyl sulfide is cycled through a wet scrubber containing a solution of hydrogen peroxide and methyldiethanolamine, triethylamine, dimethylmonoethanolamine, diethylmonoethanolamine, triethanolamine, 2-amino-2-meth-yl-1-propanol, and/or 1,8-p-menthanediaminemethyldiethanolamine at a pH of about 9 to 11, e.g., about 10. Methyldiethanolamine is preferred in one embodiment. A dispersant such as a water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight of about 500 to 100,000 may optionally be employed in the solution. Abatement of greater than 90% of the carbonyl sulfide is achieved in preferred embodiments.

Abstract: More reliable removal of sulfur oxides (SO.sub.x) from combustion effluents by in furnace injection is achieved by stabilizing slurries of calcium carbonate (limestone), calcium oxide (lime) and calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime) for extended periods of time and during in-furnace injection. The slurries are stabilized by a stabilization system comprising a generally hydrophobic surfactant having an HLB of less than about 8 and a more hydrophilic surfactant having an HLB of at least about 8, wherein the HLB values of the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic surfactants differ by at least about 3.

Abstract: Improved processes and improved compositions reduce the environmental damage caused by large-scale combustion, especially in the field of NO.sub.x reduction by selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) in the gas phase. In one aspect, the process improves the reliability of known means, compositions and methods for reducing the concentration of pollutants in a gas stream by: preparing an aqueous solution comprising a pollutant-reducing agent and a surface active agent in ratio of surface active agent to pollutant-reducing agent of greater than 1:4000, the amount and composition of surface active agent being effective to reduce average droplet size by at least 10%, and introducing the solution into the gas stream. Preferred surface active agents have HLB values of from about 8 to about 20, and are preferably anionic or nonionic agents such as C.sub.11 -C.sub.15 secondary alcohol ethoxylates, C.sub.12 -C.sub.

Abstract: Processes and compositions enable selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) in the gas phase at temperatures above 950.degree. C. to reduce the environmental damage caused by NO.sub.x and related emissions. By utilizing a nitrogenous NO.sub.x -reducing agent, such as urea, in combination with a phosphate at a ratio of nitrogen in the NO.sub.x -reducing agent to phosphorous of less than about 50:1, NO.sub.x reduction is improved and carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and ammonia are maintained at low levels.

Abstract: Distribution of pollution reducing agents within an effluent at the effective temperature window for effective gas phase reaction is greatly improved. A two-phase mixture having fine droplets of liquid, e.g. a NO.sub.x reducing agent such as aqueous solutions of urea or ammonia, dispersed in a gaseous component, such as air, is injected into the effluent an sonic velocity to achieve a distribution of particles of sizes effective to uniformly reduce NO.sub.x within the zone of effective temperature while not producing a significant level of droplets so large that they survive beyond the temperature zone.

Abstract: More reliable removal of sulfur oxides (SO.sub.x) from combustion effluents by in furnace injection is achieved by stabilizing slurries of calcium carbonate (limestone), calcium oxide (lime) and calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime) for extended periods of time and during in-furnace injection. The slurries are stabilized by a stabilization system comprising a generally hydrophobic surfactant having an HLB of less than about 8 and a more hydrophilic surfactant having an HLB of at least about 8, wherein the HLB values of the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic surfactants differ by at least about 3.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for reducing the nitrogen oxides level in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, which involves preparing an emulsion of a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment agent and a hydrocarbon having a boiling point which is lower than that of said nitrogen oxides reducing treatment agent; and introducing said emulsion into the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel under conditions effective to reduce the nitrogen oxides level therein.

Abstract: The tendency of aqueous solutions of urea and other NH-containing compositions to force instability of hardness factors has been found to be detrimental to processes and apparatus employing them. The reliability of these processes and apparatus is improved by the inclusion of hardness-suppressing compositions, which preferably include both a water-soluble polymer and a phosphonate. In particular, agricultural and NO.sub.x -reducing applications are improved, especially for solutions containing urea hydrolysis products and the salts of them.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the use of a urea hydrolysate for nitrogen oxides reductions. More particularly, the process involves forming a urea hydrolysate and introducing the hydrolysate into a combustion effluent under conditions effective for the reduction of nitrogen oxides.

Abstract: The invention presented relates to a process for reducing nitrogen oxides emissions from a gas turbine. The process involves forming an emulsion of water and fuel oil and simultaneously combusting the thusly formed emulsion with natural gas in a gas turbine.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent of a gas turbine is presented. This process comprises forming an emulsion which comprises water and fuel oil and combusting the emulsion in the combustion can of a gas turbine to form an effluent; and contacting the effluent with a catalyst effective for the reduction of nitrogen oxides therein.

Abstract: An improved lubricity water and fuel oil emulsion is presented. The emulsion is used as fuel for an electric power generating turbine, and includes a lubricity additive selected from the group consisting of dimer acids, trimer acids, phosphate esters, sulfurized castor oil, and mixtures thereof. Also included is a method for improving the combustion efficiency of a turbine, using the inventive additives.