Abstract: An apparatus configured to result in a penetration of one or more gasses into a dermis of biological skin, wherein the apparatus includes a fluid reservoir configured to contain an amount of a liquid in contact with a portion of a person's skin, and a nanobubble generator configured to inject nanobubbles into the liquid, wherein the nanobubbles contain the one or more gasses. The contact of the liquid containing the nanobubbles with the person's skin results in a cutaneous uptake of a gas contained in the nanobubbies into the person's skin, which may be beneficial in treating an ailment, such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Abstract: A nanobubbler includes a porous ceramic material, a first inlet configured to inject a gas into the porous ceramic material, wherein the porous ceramic material is configured to emit nanobubbles into the chamber from the surface in response to the injection of the gas, a chamber positioned adjacent to a surface of the porous ceramic material, a second inlet configured to inject a liquid into the chamber so that the nanobubbles are dislodged from the surface of the porous ceramic material into the liquid, and an outlet configured to output from the chamber the liquid infused with the nanobubbles. The nanobubbles infused into the liquid have an average diameter of less than 500 nanometers.