Abstract: Methods and systems of producing perovskite material, in which the nucleation and crystallization processes are decoupled and, hence, independently controlled resulting in highly uniform nucleation sites for subsequent crystallization of perovskites. Methods and systems for using perovskite material and mixed perovskite films for solar cells.

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of probe measurements of objects after micro- and nano-sectioning. The essence of the invention consists in that in a wide-field scanning probe microscope combined with an apparatus for modifying an object, said microscope comprising a base on which a piezo-scanner unit having a piezo scanner, a probe unit having a probe holder, and a punch unit having a punch are movably mounted, a punch actuator is configured as a three-axis actuator, allowing the punch to move along a first axis X, a second axis Y and a third axis Z; and the probe unit is mounted on the punch actuator. The invention is aimed at simplifying the structure of the device by combining into one unit means for measuring and means for modifying an object. The technical result of the invention consists in increasing measurement resolution.

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of probe measurements of objects after micro- and nano-sectioning. The essence of the invention consists in that in a scanning probe nanotomograph having an optical analysis module and comprising a base, on which a piezo-scanner unit, a probe unit and a punching unit are mounted, a sixth actuator is introduced, which is installed on said base, on which an optical analysis module is fastened, which comprises a lens and an analyser, optically connected to each other; moreover, the sixth actuator facilitates displacement of the optical analysis module along the third axis Z. The invention aims at expanding functional capabilities by means of using the optical analysis module. The technical result of the invention consists in enabling the optical observation and study of objects while same are being sectioned, which expands the functional capabilities of the apparatus.

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of probe measurements of objects after micro- and nano-sectioning. The essence of the invention consists in that in a wide-field scanning probe microscope combined with an apparatus for modifying an object, said microscope comprising a base on which a piezo-scanner unit having a piezo scanner, a probe unit having a probe holder, and a punch unit having a punch are movably mounted, a punch actuator is configured as a three-axis actuator, allowing the punch to move along a first axis X, a second axis Y and a third axis Z; and the probe unit is mounted on the punch actuator. The invention is aimed at simplifying the structure of the device by combining into one unit means for measuring and means for modifying an object. The technical result of the invention consists in increasing measurement resolution.

Abstract: A scanning probe microscope combined with a device for acting on a probe and a specimen relates to measurement technology, more specifically to devices for measuring objects by probe methods after nano-sectioning. Same can be used for studying the structures of biological and polymeric specimens under low-temperature conditions. The aim of the invention is to raise the operating efficiency of elements of the measurement unit of a scanning probe microscope which is combined with a device for acting on a probe and a specimen.

Abstract: A lithium-ion battery includes a cell placed into an electrically non-conducting box filled with an electrolyte. The cell includes an intercalation cathode and an electroconductive anode separated from each other by a porous separator. The cell is submerged into the electrolyte. The electrolyte includes an aqueous solution of metals salts. The aqueous solution includes metals ions of the metals salts. A pH value of the aqueous solution being adapted to prevent a hydrolysis of the metal ions in the electrolyte.

Abstract: An effective and highly accurate method for measuring temperature during thermal tumor ablation to increase ablation accuracy installing a fiber optic temperature sensor with a linearly chirped (the variation of the refractive index has a period growing in an algebraic progression) Bragg grating with a length of 1.4-6 cm and a diameter of 80-300 ?m using a catheter directly on the tumor. Through the fiber optic sensor with a length of 1.4-6 cm and a diameter of 80-300 ?m is passed a light spectrum, which undergoes backscatter due to the Bragg grating, dependent on the temperature acting on the sensor. Subsequently, using the backscatter light spectrum decoding software, developed according to the fiber optic cable parameters, the temperature profile is displayed on the computer. The method has applications in medicine, in particular oncology.

Abstract: The microscope for monitoring objects after nano-cutting and for investigating structures of macro- and micro-carriers under low temperature comprises a punch having a cutting edge, drives driving the punch along two axes, a platform rotatable in a plane, a piezo-scanner for recording a sample image along three axes, a holder with a carrier of the sample, and a probe unit to which a probe is fastened. The piezo-scanner is fastened to the platform, the punch is able to interact with the sample, and the probe unit is mounted on the platform so as to be movable along one of the axes. The assembly includes a module for mechanical action on the cutting edge of the punch to modify the cutting surface, which module is fastened to the same platform to which the piezo-scanner with the object carrier and the probe unit are fastened.