Abstract: A method includes, in a computer that runs multiple operating environments using hardware resources, defining and managing an allocation policy of the hardware resources, which eliminates effects from operations performed in one of the operating environments on the operations performed in another of the operating environments. The hardware resources are assigned to the multiple operating environments in accordance with the allocation policy, so as to isolate the multiple operating environments from one another.

Abstract: A method for distributing data includes selecting for transmission to a client a plurality of data items from a data set. The selected data items are encapsulated in multiple CNAME-type resource records, each such resource record containing an artificial domain name including one or more of the data items. The resource records are arranged in a linked list, in which the artificial domain name contained in at least one of the resource records serves as a key for another of the resource records. The linked list of the resource records is uploaded to a Domain Name System (DNS) server for delivery to the client in response to a single DNS request submitted by the client.

Abstract: A method includes assessing a trustworthiness level of a user computer by communication between the user computer and a first server. A record indicating the trustworthiness level is sent from the first server to the user computer, for storage by the user computer. A request is sent from the user computer to a second server, different from the first server, for a service to be provided to the user computer by the second server. The record is provided from the user computer to the second server by communicating between the user computer and the second server. At the second server, the trustworthiness level is extracted from the record, and the requested service is conditionally allowed to be provided to the user computer depending on the extracted trustworthiness level.