Abstract: Provided are fuel components, a method for producing fuel components, use of the fuel components and fuel containing the fuel components based on 5-nonanone.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting levulinic acid to gammavalerolactone with increased selectivity. The process is based on the recognition of the reaction intermediate, 4-hydroxyvaleric acid, and improved conversion thereof.

Abstract: A processable poly(hydroxy acid) composition which has been stabilized by adding to the polymer during the melt processing stage 0.05-3% by weight of a peroxy compound the degradation of which produces one or more acid radicals, and which has good melt strength and elasticity. The melt strength is high enough to produce films with conventional methods as the film blowing method.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method for preparing heterogeneous catalysts. According to the method, preparation is carried out under such process conditions in which the bonding of compounds from the gas phase onto the surface of a support material is primarily determined by the properties of the support surface. The constituents contained in the reagent are then selectively bonded to the bonding sites of the support material surface, thus forming stable surface bonds. According to the invention, the number of surface-bond sites available for preparing a stable product with surface bonds is controlled by varying the reaction temperature and/or selecting a suitable reagent. The invention makes it possible to control the metal content of the end product at a predetermined level.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing tertiary alkyl ethers, in particular MTBE, ETBE or mixtures of these ethers with heavier ethers. According to the process the feedstock containing hydrocarbons is fed to a catalytic distillation reactor system, in which the isoolefines, in particular the C4 to C7 isoolefines, of the feed are reacted with an alkanol in the presence of a cation exchange resin in order to produce tertiary alkyl ether products. The reaction product containing the ethers is removed from the distillation system as the bottoms product and, if necessary, it is subjected to an additional treatment for producing a gasoline component. The unreacted alkanol is removed as the overhead product of the distillation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat transferring device for transferring heat energy from a first gaseous flow into a second gaseous flow. The heat transferring device includes first and second circulating fluidized bed reactors. A first gaseous flow enters the first bed and carries heat transferring particles into a first cyclone. A second gaseous flow enters the second bed and carries heat transferring particles into a second cyclone. The particles accumulated at the bottom of the first cyclone, are presented with a recirculation channel to the first bed and a cross-over channel to the second bed. Likewise, the particles accumulated at the bottom of the second cyclone, are presented with a recirculation channel to the second bed and a cross-over channel to the first bed.

Abstract: A polymer blend, a process for the preparation thereof and products manufactured from the polymer blend. The polymer blend contains 95 to 50 parts by weight of a polyolefin- or polyester-based polymer matrix, 5 to 50 parts by weight of an aromatic main-chain liquid crystalline polymer and plastic additives, if any. Further, the blend contains, based on the total weight of the previous components, 0.1 to 30 percent by weight of a substance (a compatibilizer) which improves the compatibility of the polymer matrix and the liquid crystalline component. The compatibilizer includes a polymer containing reactive functional groups. Preferably, the compatibilizer includes an SEBS polymer functionalized with maleic anhydride or an olefin polymer functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate.

Abstract: A heat transfer/cooling fluid for low temperatures containing from about 15% to about 70% of trimethyl glycine or derivatives thereof and from about 30% to about 85% of water. The heat transfer/cooling fluid is environmental-friendly and non-toxic. It has good heat transfer properties and is suitable for, e.g., the needs of the food industry and solar panels.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polylactide-coated paper or board product which is made by coextrusion wherein the polylactide is extruded together with a conventional polymer, such as polyolefin, onto the surface of the paper, and after extrusion the polyolefin film is removed and recycled.

Abstract: The lamellar layer is formed by overlapping plates of the liquid crystalline polymer in the isotropic matrix. The oxygen transmission rate of a 50 .mu.m thick layer of the monolayer structure is typically less than 150 cm.sup.3 /(m.sup.2 .multidot.d.multidot.bar).

Abstract: The invention relates to polylactide films the mechanical properties of which, in particular bursting strength, elongation and tearing strength, have been improved by adding to the polymer certain plasticizers. These plasticizers are preferably glycerol esters.

Abstract: The invention concerns a novel melt-processible poly(ester urethane) and a process and a prepolymer for the preparation thereof. The poly(ester urethane) contains structural units derived from a polyester and structural units derived from a diisocyanate and, according to the invention, the bonds between the structural units are at least mainly comprised of urethane bonds, the number average molar mass, M.sub.n, of the prepolymer is at least 10,000 g/mol, its mass-average molar mass, M.sub.w, is over 20,000 g/mol and its molar mass distribution, expressed as the ratio of M.sub.w /M.sub.n, is over 2, and the prepolymer is essentially free from free isocyanate groups. The poly(ester urethane) is hydrolytically decomposable and it can be used as a biodegradable polymer, e.g., for manufacturing injection molded pieces and thermoformed and blow molded packages, bags, sacks and bottles, for coating of sacks, bags and films made of paper or cardboard, and for manufacturing fibers and non-woven fabrics.

Abstract: The invention relates ro a method of converting hydrocarbons. According to the method, a gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon feed is passed into a circulating fluidized-bed reactor, wherein the feed is converted at a high temperatue under the influence of particulate matter kept in a fluidized state, and the converted hydrocarbon products are removed from the reactor in a gaseous phase. According to the invention, a circulating fluidized-bed reactor (1-3; 41-43) is used having an axially annular cross section and being equipped with a multiport cyclone (14,17; 52,63) for the separation of the particulate matter from the gas-phase reaction products. The reaction space comprises an intershell riser space (13; 50) formed between two concentrically located cylindrical and/or conical envelope surfaces. The separation of particulate matter from the gas-phase reaction products is performed by means of a multiport cyclone equipped with louvered vanes (14; 63).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of separating solids from a gas flow in a fluidized catalytic process and to a cyclone assembly suited for use in a fluidized catalytic process. According to the invention, the gas flow of the process carrying the suspended solids is passed into a separation assembly, wherein the solids are separated from the gaseous phase under the effect of the centrifugal force, whereby a multiport cyclone is used as the separation assembly, into which the gas flow to be treated is passed via an inlet nozzle having an axially annular cross section. The use of the multiport cyclone, e.g., in an FCC process gives significant advantages in flow dynamics and process engineering over conventional arrangements and generally used single-port cyclones.

Abstract: A method for growing a thin film on a substrate. A substrate is placed in a reaction space. The substrate is subjected to at least two vapor phase reactants in the form of vapor phase pulses, repeatedly and alternately. Gas within the reaction space is purged between two successive vapor phase pulses essentially entirely by use of a pump connected to the reaction space. The reaction space is purged between two successive vapor phase pulses such that less than 1% of the residual components from the first vapor phase pulse remains prior to the inflow of the second vapor phase pulse.

Abstract: A process for preparing tertiary alkyl ethers comprises the steps of reacting C.sub.4-7 isoolefins of an olefinic hydrocarbon feedstock with an alkanol in the presence of a first catalyst in a reaction zone to form a reaction mixture containing a tertiary alkyl ether or a mixture of tertiary alkyl ethers, feeding the reaction mixture to a distillation column, distilling the reaction mixture and recovering the alkyl ether(s) with the bottoms product of the distillation. An azeotrope formed by unreacted C.sub.4 hydrocarbons and the alkanol is withdrawn as an overhead product of the distillation. According to the invention, a part of the liquid flow of the column is withdrawn to form a side drawoff, and the side drawoff is recirculated to the reaction zone. As a result, the conversion of the reactive C.sub.6 hydrocarbons is increased and the operating cost of the ethers process is reduced.

Abstract: Process for producing phthalic anhydride by catalytic gaseous phase oxidation of o-xylene or naphthalene in the presence of catalyst, whereby the reaction is carried out in at least two separate reactors. The first reactor is a salt-cooled main reactor and the second reactor is a post-reactor without cooling means containing same or different catalyst as the first reactor, wherein the feed flow to the post reactor consists of only gaseous effluent from the first reactor and the gas flow in the second reactor takes place from up to down without saltbath cooling.

Abstract: The invention relates to alkene-substituted cyclic carboxylic acid anhydrides which are formed from the reaction of a cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride, including succinic anhydride, and an olefin blend. The olefin blend is made up of internal linear and branched olefins and linear and/or branched .alpha.-olefins, in which blend the olefins contain 13-25 carbon atoms. The alkene-substituted cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride can be used for the preparation of an ASA sizing agent suitable for paper sizing.

Abstract: An electrically conducting plastic material is produced by blending a polyaniline or a derivative thereof with an organic sulfonic acid or a derivative thereof. A reaction product or blend of a polyaniline or a derivative thereon with an organic sulfonic acid or a derivative thereof can be brought to an easy-to-handle or directly melt-processable form through a heat-treatment process carried out at approx. +40.degree. to +250.degree. C. The obtained plastic material is advantageously further improved by blending the heat-treated reaction product or blend with a thermoplastic polymer and then melt-processing the mixed blend. The properties of the resulting compound material exhibit complete compatibility of the heat-treated reaction product or blend with the thermoplastic polymer.

Abstract: A method of emulsion polymerization of aniline or substituted anilines for making substituted or unsubstituted homopolymers and co-polymers of aniline. The method includes formation of an emulsion of aniline monomers, polar solvent, non-polar or weakly polar solvent and functionalized protonic acid, which is selected for its ability to perform two functions: acting as a surfactant and acting as a protonating agent (dopant) in producing an electrically conducting polymer. Then, an oxidant is added to polymerize the ingredients of the emulsion. This method provides polyaniline particles of highly crystalline and oriented morphologies of controlled aspect ratios.