Abstract: An air heater for heating intake air for an internal combustion engine only in cold start or further warming up operation, having a frame which defines an opening for passing air therethrough, and at least one heater element in the shape of a perforated plate such as a lattice or honeycomb plate supported by the frame so as to traverse only a part of the opening area of the air passage opening, while leaving a substantial part of the opening area free as untraversed by the heater element.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an internal combustion engine provided with an exhaust gas recirculation system of so-called back pressure control type. The exhaust gas recirculation system is provided with a vacuum line connecting a so-called EGR port with a vacuum operated flow control valve, and a modulator valve having a control chamber selectively opened to the vacuum line in response to the pressure of recirculated exhaust gas for controlling vacuum signal level of the flow control valve. The control chamber of the modulator is connected to another vacuum signal port located slightly above the EGR port.

Abstract: An ignition system for a spark-ignition type internal combustion engine comprising an ignition device capable of performing the spark timing control function, wherein in order to improve the engine torque, a temperature detecting element for detecting the temperature having an effect on the engine torque efficiency is provided in addition to the ignition device, so that the ignition device is actuated to advance the timing of the spark at a lower temperature as compared with that employed at a higher temperature in accordance with the temperature detected by the temperature detecting element.

Abstract: An improved anti-skid system for a vehicle which effectively utilizes an approximated slip ratio between vehicle or body velocity and wheel velocity to generate a brake release signal for a brake release valve but without actually utilizing a vehicle or body velocity detector. Storage apparatus is used to store a reference signal representing vehicle velocity but actually corresponding to a present or just past maximum value of wheel velocity. Control apparatus is then utilized for removing energy from the storage apparatus at a controlled predetermined rate chosen to approximate the expected vehicle deceleration (but without using an actual vehicle or body deceleration detector) such that the reference signal (capacitor voltage) will continue to accurately represent approximate vehicle velocities even during periods of deceleration.

Abstract: An ignition system for a spark-ignition type internal combustion engine comprising an ignition device capable of performing the spark timing control function, wherein in order to improve the engine torque, a temperature detecting element for detecting the temperature having an effect on the engine torque efficiency is provided in addition to the ingition device, so that the ignition device is actuated to advance the timing of the spark at a lower temperature as compared with that employed at a higher temperature in accordance with the temperature detected by the temperature detecting element.

Abstract: An ignition system for a spark-ignition type internal combustion engine comprising an ignition device capable of performing the spark timing control function, wherein in order to improve the engine torque, a temperature detecting element for detecting the temperature having an effect on the engine torque efficiency is provided in addition to the ignition device, so that the ignition device is actuated to advance the timing of the spark at a lower temperature as compared with that employed at a higher temperature in accordance with the temperature detected by the temperature detecting element.

Abstract: An ignition system for a spark-ignition type internal combustion engine comprising an ignition device capable of performing the spark timing control function, wherein in order to improve the engine torque, a temperature detecting element for detecting the temperature having an effect on the engine torque efficiency is provided in addition to the ingition device, so that the ignition device is actuated to advance the timing of the spark at a lower temperature as compared with that employed at a higher temperature in accordance with the temperature detected by the temperature detecting element.