Abstract: Various implementations include a ring material used for producing a ring molded article. The ring molded article has two convex portions which respectively protrude on opposite sides of the ring molded article in a direction of a center axis thereof and extend in a direction of a circumference of the ring molded article. A straight line passing through centers of gravity of first and second side regions is inclined by an angle relative to the center axis of the ring material, the first and second side regions are obtained by virtually dividing a one half section of the ring material based on a middle of a maximum height of the ring material in the direction of the center axis of the ring material, and a range of the angle is 7 degrees to 40 degrees.

Abstract: Various implementations include a method of manufacturing a ring molded article. The ring molded article has two convex portions which respectively protrude on both sides of the ring molded article in a direction of a center axis thereof and extend in a direction of a circumference of the ring molded article. The ring material is placed inside two molds on which concave portions respectively corresponding to the convex portions are formed. The ring material is supported by a region on an outer peripheral side from an outer peripheral side corner in the concave portion of one of the two molds and a region on an inner peripheral side from an inner peripheral side corner in the concave portion of another of the two molds. The ring material is then forged so as to be pressed by the two molds in a direction of a center axis of the ring material.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus of reducing the mosquito noise in a decoded image by using a noise reduction algorism that does not depend on the compression coding algorism applied to the image to be improved. The decoded compression-coded digital image is divided into blocks. The standard deviation or the “variance coefficient” of luminance values is calculated for each block of the decoded compression-coded digital image. An ? matrix for the compression-coded digital image is composed so that all components of each block of the ? matrix is filled with the standard deviations or the variance coefficients for each block. An ? filter is composed so that its ? values are expressed by the ? matrix. The decoded compression-coded digital image is applied to the ? filter to reduce the mosquito noise that arises during decoding process.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus of reducing the mosquito noise in a decoded image by using a noise reduction algorism that does not depend on the compression coding algorism applied to the image to be improved. The decoded compression-coded digital image is divided into blocks. The standard deviation or the “variance coefficient” of luminance values is calculated for each block of the decoded compression-coded digital image. An ? matrix for the compression-coded digital image is composed so that all components of each block of the ? matrix is filled with the standard deviations or the variance coefficients for each block. An ? filter is composed so that its ? values are expressed by the ? matrix. The decoded compression-coded digital image is applied to the ? filter to reduce the mosquito noise that arises during decoding process.