Abstract: Aluminum substrates are electrograined for lithographic printing in an electrolytic cell using an electrolyte of hydrochloric acid or nitric acid, and a "regulated alternating current" whereby the inter-electrode voltage is applied with a higher anodic voltage than the cathodic voltage, the ratio of cathodic coulombic input to anodic coulombic input is less than one and preferably in the range of 0.3-0.8, and the anodic half cycle period or time is not longer than the cathodic half cycle period or time, thereby to impart to the substrate a "pits-within-a-pit" grain structure uniformly over its entire surface.

Abstract: A lubricating composition for metal working comprisingA. about 10 to 60% by weight of a water-soluble non-ionic surfactant component comprising at least one ofI. a polyoxyalkylene glycol ester of a fatty acid represented by the general formula (I)r.sup.1 coo(r.sup.2 o).sub.n H (I)or the general formula (II)R.sup.1 COO(R.sup.2 O).sub.n OCR.sup.1 (II)ii. a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether of a fatty alcohol represented by the general formula (III)R.sup.3 O(R.sup.2 O).sub.n H (III)iii. a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether of a fatty alcohol esterified with a fatty acid represented by the general formula (IV)r.sup.3 o(r.sup.2 o).sub.n OCR.sup.1 (IV)andIv. a polyoxyalkylene glycol condensate of a glyceride esterified with a fatty acid represented by the general formula (V) ##EQU1## wherein R.sup.1 CO represents a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid acyl group having about 12 to 22 carbon atoms;R.sup.1.sup.

Abstract: A die assembly for squeeze casting of metals wherein a tubular reinforcing die is set on a base, a forming die consists of split dies is inserted in internal contact with the reinforcing die and the surface in internal contact with the reinforcing die is tapered so as to be narrower downward so that, in case a downward force is applied by a sealing die to a molten metal poured into the forming die, the split dies may be pushed in downward along the tapered surface to prevent the molten metal from spitting out.