Abstract: An encapsulating sheet, encapsulating an optical semiconductor element, includes a first layer which contains a phosphor and a second layer which contains a phosphor, is laminated on the first layer, and encapsulates the optical semiconductor element. The ratio of the volume of the phosphor in the first layer to that of the phosphor in the second layer is 90:10 to 55:45.

Abstract: A liquid compound or a compound solution is kept in contact with the surface of a solid material (synthetic resin, glass, metal, or ceramic), radiation selected from ultraviolet, visible, and infrared is irradiated on the interface between the surface of the solid material and the compound to optically excite the surface of the solid material and the compound, thereby effecting substitution with a chemical species in the compound, depositing or performing etching with the chemical species. Preferably, a transparent window is kept in tight contact with the surface of a solid material to be treated, a thin layer of the liquid compound or the compound solution is interposed between the surface of the solid material and the transparent window by using capillarity, and ultraviolet, visible, or infrared is irradiated through the window. With this treatment, the irradiated portion can be given hydrophilicity, adhesion properties, printing properties, corrosion resistance, and conductivity.

Abstract: A composite reverse osmosis membrane has a polyamide type skin layer whose specific surface area ranges from 3 to 1000. The composite reverse osmosis membrane of this invention is superior in the salt rejection property and water permeability. The composite reverse osmosis membrane comprises a negatively-charged crosslinked polyamide type skin layer obtained by reacting a compound having polyfunctional amino groups and a polyfunctional acid halide compound having polyfunctional acid halide groups, and a microporous support to support the skin layer. The specific surface area of the skin layer is at least 3. A first stage of reverse osmosis treatment is carried out in a membrane module using this composite reverse osmosis membrane. The skin layer can be coated with a layer of an organic polymer having positively-charged groups e.g. polyethyleneimine in order to be used as another membrane module. The organic polymer of this case is crosslinked, for example, by glutaraldehyde.

Abstract: In a printer comprising a printing means for performing printing on a continuous paper in response to a print data and a cutter unit for cutting the continuous paper in the paper width direction upon completion of printing, a printed paper needs to be sorted out easily and clearly depending on jobs. To meet the demand, the printer is provided with a rotary blade and a fixed blade which cut the continuous paper in the paper width direction which crosses perpendicularly to the paper feed direction and it is further provided with a carriage for holding the rotary blade so as to be movable in the paper width direction. The carriage has a shading piece. Sensors are disposed at the position corresponding to the position where the cutting amount of the paper in the paper width direction is set to be smaller than the entire paper width. When the sensors detect the shading piece, the rotary blade stops moving to thereby stop the cutting operation.

Abstract: Dielectric foreign matters are removed from objects such as foodstuffs by attracting the dielectric foreign matters by an electrostatic force toward an electrode portion of a static electricity generating device and sticking the attracted foreign matters to an adhesive surface of an adhesive layer disposed between the electrode portion and the objects. Magnetic foreign matters are also removed from the objects by attracting the magnetic foreign matters by a magnetic force toward a magnetic pole portion of a magnetic force generating device, and sticking the attracted foreign matters to an adhesive surface of an adhesive layer.