Abstract: According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method comprising: generating a certificate comprising an identifier of a base station, a public key of the base station, and a public key of a terminal; signing the certificate by a signature based on a private key belonging to the public key of the base station; sending the signed certificate to the terminal using an established security association; monitoring whether the base station receives a request for local authentication of the terminal, wherein the request comprises an encrypted certificate unit and a base station identifier; checking whether the base station identifier is the identifier of the base station and, if it is, decrypting the encrypted certificate unit using the private key; and using the public key of the terminal for a communication with the terminal if the certificate unit comprises the signed certificate.

Abstract: A human language software defined network (SDN) control system, including: a voice to text machine learning model configured to convert user speech to text; a machine learning language processing engine configured to control the operation of a SDN controller based upon the text; and a machine learning minimal language processing engine configured to control the operation of a SDN element based upon commands from the SDN controller produced by the machine learning language processing engine.

Abstract: A method is provided including configuring by a first network node (20-S) a timer for a UE (10) which is started when an inactivity criteria is met, upon expiry of the timer, allowing cell reselection for the UE (10) based on a frequency criteria between a first frequency and at least a second frequency; and forwarding the UE context by the first network node (20-S) controlling the first frequency to at least a second network node (20-T) controlling the at least second frequency.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and computer program product for: initiating a handover process for moving the communication session from a first access node to a second access node, interrupting the handover process in response to determining that at least one operation is to be performed by a transceiver, causing the transceiver to perform the at least one operation using the communication session with the first access node, and resuming the handover process in response to determining that the at least one operation is completed.

Abstract: In order to reduce power consumption of a wireless communication apparatus without unduly increasing latency a way of triggering activation of a transceiver on the apparatus is provided that uses different forms of wakeup signals and corresponding forms of wakeup signal detectors. This allows the transceiver to operate in a discontinuous receiving mode, with the different wakeup signal receivers detecting for wakeup signals at different times the times being indicated to the apparatus by a wakeup signal pattern sent by the network.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for handling data transmission such as non-small data transmission (SDT) in conjunction with SDT. A method may include determining an availability of non-small data transmission, non-SDT, data. The method may also include indicating to a network element, a result of the determining.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the method includes receiving, at a first device and from a second device, an indication of a resource range, related to a transmission of a demodulation reference signal associated with a control channel reception, including at least one of at least one entire resource element group, or at least one entire control channel element; and wherein the resource elements located in the resource range are dedicated for the transmission of the demodulation reference signal and unavailable for a transmission of control information from the second device; receiving the demodulation reference signal based on the indication; and decoding a control channel between the first and second devices based on the demodulation reference signal.

Abstract: An apparatus includes circuitry configured to: receive a radio resource control configuration including at least one channel state information reporting configuration indicating at least one channel state information quantity for which prediction is configured or enabled; receive at least one of a downlink reference signal and/or a downlink channel for at least one of channel measurement and/or interference measurement; determine the at least one channel state information quantity or at least one channel state information prediction model, based on at least one of a downlink reference measurement, and/or a downlink channel decoding outcome, and/or the at least one channel state information reporting configuration, and/or at least one prediction window; and transmit a channel state information report in uplink control information, based on the determining.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and computer program is described comprising: receiving, at a user device, a downlink reference signal from a communication node of a mobile communication system, wherein the downlink reference signal is received by one of a plurality of beams of a receiver of the user device in accordance with a configured beam alignment; determining whether to initiate beam switching to reconfigure the beam alignment at said receiver based, at least in part, on a signal power of the received downlink reference signal; and determining, in the event that beam switching is to be initiated, whether to initiate communication node assisted beam switching or non-communication node assisted beam switching.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods in a communication system are provided. The solution comprises operating a radio access network, where the radio access network comprises two or more resource tiers, each tier having different latency/timing requirements. The resource allocation for the radio access network is realised (200) with two or more control loops, where each control loop is configured to allocate resources with different latency requirements, and control resources between the tiers. Resources of the inmost tier are controlled (202) by an inmost control loop with lowest latency resource allocation, and resources of the outer tiers are controlled (204) by one or more outer control loops for less latency critical resource allocation, each outer control loop having less critical latency requirement compared to loops closer to the inmost loop.

Abstract: Various embodiments providing for an indicator (termed the “Traffic Category Indicator,” TCI) to be encoded into packets, different values of which can be used, e.g., to distinguish Traffic Engineered (TE) packets and non-TE packets. In an example embodiment, the TCI can be used, e.g., to configure a network node to implement different packet queues, on each link, for TE packets and non-TE packets. In embodiments corresponding to the DiffSery TE paradigm, a node can be configured to implement different queues within each Forwarding Class for each link, said different queues distinguished by different respective TCI values. Example benefits of TCI include, but are not limited to fate separation of TE and non-TE packets in a node. The TCI concept can beneficially be applied to different packet-switching technologies supporting Source Routing, such as the IP, MPLS, Ethernet, etc.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising: a void; an interferometer detector; and light guide means for guiding a light signal along a light path to the interferometer detector wherein the light path comprises a cantilever light guide that is supported such that a free-end can move within the void and the interferometer detector is configured to detect a deflection of the free-end of the cantilever light guide; and a reflector, wherein the cantilever light guide comprises a light outcoupler configured to out-couple the light signal to extend the light path from the cantilever light guide to the reflector.

Abstract: An apparatus configured to: determine, for two or more speaker channel audio signals, at least one spatial audio parameter for providing spatial audio reproduction; determine, between the two or more speaker channel audio signals, at least one coherence parameter, wherein the at least one coherence parameter is configured to provide at least one inter-channel coherence information between the two or more speaker channel audio signals for respective ones of at least two frequency bands of the two or more speaker channel audio signals; determine at least one value based, at least partially, on the at least one coherence information, wherein the at least one value is configured to indicate at least one information associated with the at least one inter-channel coherence information; and transmit the at least one spatial audio parameter and the at least one determined value.

Abstract: A method comprising: obtaining a configuration of at least one neural network comprising a plurality of intra-prediction mode agnostic layers and one or more intra-prediction mode specific layers, the one or more intra-prediction mode specific layers corresponding to different intra-prediction modes; obtaining at least one input video frame comprising a plurality of blocks; determining to encode one or more blocks using intra prediction; determining an intra-prediction mode for each of said one or more blocks; grouping blocks having same intra-prediction mode into groups, each group being assigned with a computation path among the plurality of intra-prediction mode agnostic and the one or more intra-prediction mode specific layers; training the plurality of intra-prediction mode agnostic and/or the one or more intra-prediction mode specific layers of the neural networks based on a training loss between an output of the neural networks relating to a group of blocks and ground-truth blocks, wherein the ground-t

Abstract: Various example embodiments for supporting firewalling of traffic are presented. The support for firewalling of traffic may include support for firewalling of layer-2 traffic (e.g., applying firewall rules to layer-3 traffic embedded within layer-2 frames) using a layer-2 firewall. The firewalling of layer-2 traffic by a layer-2 firewall may include support for firewalling of layer-2 traffic associated with various types of layer-2 services. The firewalling of layer-2 traffic by a layer-2 firewall may include support for firewalling of layer-2 traffic for which the layer-2 destination address of the traffic is known and layer-2 traffic for which the layer-2 destination address of the traffic is unknown. The firewalling of layer-2 traffic by a layer-2 firewall may include receiving, by a router, a packet of a flow of a layer-2 service and supporting, by the router, layer-2 firewalling of the packet at the router while honoring layer-2 forwarding of the packet at the router.

Abstract: An apparatus configured to: determine, for two or more microphone audio signals, a plurality of spatial audio parameters for providing spatial audio reproduction, wherein the plurality of spatial audio parameters are associated with respective frequency bands of at least two frequency bands of the two or more microphone audio signals; determine at least one coherence parameter associated with a sound field, wherein the sound field is associated with the two or more microphone audio signals; determine at least one audio signal based on the two or more microphone audio signals; and enable the spatial audio reproduction based on the plurality of spatial audio parameters, the at least one coherence parameter, and the at least one determined audio signal.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus, said apparatus comprising means for receiving, from a distributed unit of a radio access network node at a centralized unit control plane part of the radio access network node, an indication that the distributed unit supports network slices providing local switching at the distributed unit, indicating, from the centralized unit control plane part of the radio access network node to a core network, that the distributed unit of the radio network node supports network slices providing local switching at the distributed unit, receiving a user equipment context from the core network, for a user equipment providing a request for local switching at the distributed unit, the request including an indication the user equipment is allowed to use at least one of the network slices providing local switching at the distributed unit, configuring for each of the network slices providing local switching at the distributed unit, at least one data transmission context at the distributed unit such

Abstract: There is inter alia disclosed an apparatus for audio encoding configured to compare an audio parameter against a threshold value and against a value dependent on a previous quantized audio parameter; calculate a quantized audio parameter as the previous quantized audio parameter increased by a predetermined value; and calculate the quantized audio parameter as the previous quantized audio parameter multiplied by a factor value.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is proposed for accurately evaluating the performance of optical transmitters under test conditions (such as high bit-rate modulation formats) that compromise the operability of standard test equipment used for this purpose. The proposed apparatus and method are similar to the elements associated with existing testing standards based on an optical eye diagram, with an important distinction that allows for accurate measurements of the transmitter's performance to be made. In particular, the sampling point for collecting eye diagram data samples in the inventive arrangement is shifted by half a period with respect to the conventional mid-eye sampling point, eliminating the need to include representative reference equalizer in the test equipment and providing an evaluation not influenced by the test equipment, resulting in a more accurate measurement of transmitter-related distortions.

Abstract: SR-enabled network nodes capable of replicating and recombining data packets in a manner that enables reliable, low-latency communications. In an example embodiment, a replicator node transmits to a combinator node multiple copies of a payload over different respective network paths, with the SR headers of the corresponding packets each having a replication segment identifier or a respective SID stack that includes the replication segment identifier. The combinator node delivers/forwards to the corresponding application/destination only the first-to-arrive payload copy and discards any subsequent payload copies based on the replication segment identifier. Some embodiments may beneficially reduce latency and packet loss concurrently and consistently. For example, packet loss may be reduced due to the transmission of multiple copies of the same payload over multiple network paths. Effective latency may be reduced due to the selection of the first-to-arrive payload copy for delivery/forwarding.