Abstract: Liability in human individuals to develop non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and/or atherosclerosis is determined by restriction enzyme mapping of DNA from a human individual using a probe selected from the group consisting of(i) cDNA complementary to the mRNA coding for the human insulin,(ii) human genomic DNA containing the actual insulin gene,(iii) DNA sequences of human genomic DNA located within 20.times.10.sup.6 base pairs from the insulin gene in either direction,and examining the distribution of DNA fragments for the appearance of insertion sequences of approximately 1600 to 2300 base pairs (U alleles) the occurrence of which indicates a liability for said individual to develop elevated blood glucose concentrations and/or atherosclerosis and in homozygous form a liability to develop NIDDM.

Abstract: Human insulin or B-30 esters thereof are prepared by reacting an insulin derivative of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is hydroxyl or an amino acid radical being different from threonine, and -A- and -B- represent the A- and B-chains with the same amino acid sequence as in human insulin, with a carboxyl protected and optionally hydroxyl protected L-threonine derivative in a concentration of from 2 to about 6 moles per liter in the presence of trypsin or a trypsin-like enzyme in a reaction medium containing water and optionally also an organic cosolvent at a pH value of from 5 to 9 and at a temperature below 50.degree. C., followed, if desired, by removal of any protecting groups present.Human insulin is prepared in an easy and simple way in high yield and in high purity.

Abstract: Polypeptide derivatives of the formula:a--x--b--y--cwherein x represents an acidic amino acid, preferably glu or asp,y represents a basic amino acid, preferably arg, lys or his,z represents hydrogen or a small protective group for the .alpha.-amino group in x,b represents a bond, a single amino acid or a peptide having up to 10 amino acids in the chain, andc represents --NR.sup.1 R.sup.2, wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl and C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together with the attached nitrogen atom form a heterocyclic group optionally containing an additional hetero atom, orc represents --OR.sup.3, wherein R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, benzyl, phenacyl, phthalimidomethyl, .beta.

Abstract: Polypeptide derivatives of the formula:a--x--y--arg--leu--dwhereinx represents a bond, a single amino acid or a peptide having up to 10 amino acids in the chain,y represents gln- glu or glu,a represents hydrogen or a small protective group for the .alpha.-amino group in the N-terminal amino acid,d represents --NR.sup.1 R.sup.2, wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl and C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together with the attached nitrogen atom form a heterocyclic group optionally containing an additional hetero atom, ord represents --OR.sup.3, wherein R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, phenacyl, phthalimidomethyl, .beta.-methylthioethyl, and 4-picolylor acid addition salts of such peptides, may be produced by peptide synthesis methods known per se.

Abstract: An antihemophilic factor preparation (AHF) of high solubility and long half-life is produced in high yields by complete or partial thawing of deep-frozen human blood plasma by irradiation with electromagnetic waves of a frequency of about 10.sup.8 -10.sup.15 for a period of time and with an energy penetration such that the temperature in the thawed plasma does not exceed 10.degree. C. at any point, and processing in a manner known per se by centrifuging the thawed product to form a cryoprecipitate, redissolving the cryoprecipitate in a buffer and isolating a concentrated solution which, if desired, is freeze-dried. Irradiation is preferably effected by microwaves of a frequency of 10.sup.8 -3.times.10.sup.11 Hz, in particular 2.times.10.sup.9 -3.times.10.sup.10 Hz, or by infrared light, said frozen plasma being preheated if desired.The preparation is suitable for injection performed by the patient himself without medical assistance.

Abstract: Novel stable insulin preparations with protracted action and reduced or no antigenicity are obtained by reacting insulin free of antigenic impurities with an organic compound having basic amino groups, preferably a basic polypeptide or a cleavage product of a basic polypeptide, such as protamine, in a buffered protein dissociating or protein depolymerizing aqueous medium. Examples of preferred protein dissociating or protein depolymerizing media are aqueous solutions containing urea, a lower alkanol dialkylformamide, acetamide, N-alkyl-acetamide or acetonitrile.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the recovery of albumin in very high purity from human blood plasma by treatment of the blood plasma with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to precipitate out impurities followed by thermocoagulation of a resulting supernatant aqueous solution containing PEG and albumin in the presence of caprylic acid and isolation of the purified albumin by precipitation.

Abstract: Immunoglobulins or gammaglobulins are recovered in a pure and anticomplementary condition by fractionated precipitation of blood plasma with a polycondensed di or polyol, such as PEG, in the presence of a mono or polyalkanoic acid having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, such as caprylic acid.

Abstract: Protein hormones are fractionated and isolated from extracts of pituitary glands or tissues. Increased yield and purity of the growth hormone is obtained by using controlled amounts of polyethylene glycol as precipitating agent at pH = 4-6, preferably 4.5-5.0 and separating the precipitated fractions.

Abstract: Immunoglobulins or gammaglobulins are recovered in a pure and anticomplementary condition by fractionated precipitation of blood plasma with a polycondensed di or polyol, such as PEG, in the presence of a mono or polyalkanoic acid having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, such as caprylic acid.