Abstract: A polarization conversion system includes a lens element, a polarization grating comprising a diffractive element having a spatially-varying local optical axis, and a retarder element. The polarization grating is arranged to receive light that is output from the lens element, and the retarder element arranged to receive polarized light of different polarization states that is output from the polarization grating and change the different polarization states to a same polarization state. Related devices and fabrication methods are also discussed.

Abstract: Methods for the thermolysis of lignocellulosic materials, such as wood, cellulose, lignin, and lignocellulose are provided. Some methods comprise combining the lignocellulosic material with an ionic liquid and subjecting the mixture of the lignocellulosic material and the ionic media to thermolysis conditions to form a recoverable product, such as a commodity chemical.

Abstract: A process of identifying and disrupting bacterial DNA sequences that contribute to the evolution of new lytic bacteriophages is described. Vectors and recombinant bacteria for use in producing fermentative starter cultures and culture media resistant to the appearance of new phages, and methods of producing such vectors and recombinant bacteria, are described.

Abstract: A new and distinct Rhododendron cultivar named ‘NCRX1’ is disclosed, characterized by red-toned flower buds that mature into pink flower with wavy petal margins. Plants have a compact habit, are floriferous and consistent in flower production even at a young age, propagate readily from stem cuttings, and demonstrate good growth and survival when grown in full sun in unamended clay loam soils. The new cultivar is a Rhododendron, suitable for ornamental garden purposes.