Abstract: An adaptor for connecting a ground screw to an upright beam of a solar panel support assembly includes (a) a cylindrical connector having an open ground-screw receiving bottom end and a top end, the cylindrical connector having an inner circumferential surface with a diameter slightly larger than that of the ground screw and at least two sets of bolt holes, each set of bolt holes including at least three bolt holes uniformly distributed circumferentially about the cylindrical connector at an axial level, and the at least two sets of bolt holes being axially distanced from one another; (b) an intermediate plate having a top surface and a bottom surface fixed to the top end of the cylindrical connector; and (c) an upright beam connector fixed to the top surface of the intermediate plate and extending upward from the intermediate plate.

Abstract: A ballast foundation includes a portable rolled steel enclosure formed from multiple sections and further includes internal bracing. The internal bracing is used to support an upright vertical structural member that connects to an external load (such as a frame structure for a solar array) that is supported by the ballast foundation when the enclosure is filled with concrete.

Abstract: A ballast foundation includes a portable rolled steel enclosure formed from multiple sections and further includes internal bracing. The internal bracing is used to support an upright vertical structural member that connects to an external load (such as a frame structure for a solar array) that is supported by the ballast foundation when the enclosure is filled with concrete.

Abstract: In a panel support array constituted by lower support joists and upper panel rails in a two-tier, two-dimensional arrangement, the array is aligned through the use of V-shaped locking rails extending through apertures in adjacent upper panel rails. The V-shaped locking rails are configured so as to lock at each of the upper panel rails through which the V-rail passes. As a result, the overall support array remains aligned in the proper position despite environmental variations.

Abstract: A solar panel protection and alignment system is constituted by the deployment of at least one crib structure between four adjacent solar panels. The crib structure includes two interlocking perpendicular pieces providing support and panel alignment.

Abstract: In a panel support array constituted by lower support joists and upper panel rails in a two-tier, two-dimensional arrangement, the array is aligned through the use of V-shaped locking rails extending through apertures in adjacent upper panel rails. The V-shaped locking rails are configured so as to lock at each of the upper panel rails through which the V-rail passes. As a result, the overall support array remains aligned in the proper position despite environmental variations.

Abstract: A panel array support assembly has lower support joists supporting varied panel rails, to which are connected panel holding device or clips. The panel clips are spring-based and configured so that the length of each clip extends in a direction along the length of the panel rails. The panels are supported well inside of the edges extending in the same direction as the panel rails.

Abstract: A U-shaped strut is sized and configured to be driven into a substrate as a pile. The strut includes a U-shape cross-section with two open arms. Each arm terminating in an annular 270° configuration with respect to the axis of the arm. Preferably, a plurality of struts used as piles are used to support a two dimensional support rack holding a solar panel array.

Abstract: A panel support and wiring system is used as part of a bi-directional solar panel support matrix having lower support joists and upper panel rails. Both the panel clip and wiring arrangements are configured to facilitate rapid deployment and installation of the entire solar panel system, including supports and interfaces with the underlying substrate. A standardized wiring system is one of the factors facilitating rapid installation.

Abstract: An array of photovoltaic panels is supported in rows and columns spaced from one another using a foldable bi-directional span of support members. The support members include a plurality of support joists and support rails braced at an incline. Each support rail is tubular and generally rectangular, having a lower wall section with a T-slot channel for acceptance of the head of a bolt for adjustable attachment with the support joist. Also, the support rail may have a C-slot channel for retaining electrical wires. Clips are used to secure each panel to upper wall portions of underlying support rails. Each clip has a generally U-shaped gasket and is retained to a corresponding support rail through a threaded hole in a top wall of the support rail that receives a bolt or similar threaded fastener.

Abstract: Precise parameters are maintained in a support system for solar panels or other panel-like structures through use of a collapsible folding, support frame which is preassembled to precise tolerances at a convenient staging site before being collapsed for shipment. Installation on flat roofs is also facilitated through the use of a roof interface frame which rotatably supports the panel support frame of the support system and folds along with it at the assembly, staging site.

Abstract: A foldable, bi-directional, two-tier panel support system includes a wide variety of different configurations both for the lower support joists and the upper panel rails. The overall array is provided with additional strength through the use of various diagonal and lateral supports running between adjacent upper panel rails. Additional panel loads can be accommodated by extended longitudinal beams on tilt brackets, and additional bracing attached thereto.

Abstract: An array of photovoltaic panels is supported in rows and columns spaced from one another using a foldable bi-directional span of support members. The support members include a plurality of support joists and support rails braced at an incline. Each support rail is tubular and generally rectangular, having a lower wall section with a T-slot channel for acceptance of the head of a bolt for adjustable attachment with the support joist. Also, the support rail may have a C-slot channel for retaining electrical wires. Clips are used to secure each panel to upper wall portions of underlying support rails. Each clip has a generally U-shaped gasket and is retained to a corresponding support rail through a threaded hole in a top wall of the support rail that receives a bolt or similar threaded fastener.

Abstract: An array of photovoltaic panels is supported in rows and columns spaced from one another using a foldable bi-directional span of support members. The support members include a plurality of support joists and support rails braced at an incline. Each support rail is tubular and generally rectangular, having a lower wall section with a T-slot channel for acceptance of the head of a bolt for adjustable attachment with the support joist. Also, the support rail may have a C-slot channel for retaining electrical wires. Clips are used to secure each panel to upper wall portions of underlying support rails. Each clip has a generally U-shaped gasket and is retained to a corresponding support rail through a threaded hole in a top wall of the support rail that receives a bolt or similar threaded fastener.

Abstract: Precise parameters are maintained in a support system for solar panels or other panel-like structures through use of a collapsible folding, support frame which is preassembled to precise tolerances at a convenient staging site before being collapsed for shipment. Installation on flat roofs is also facilitated through the use of a roof interface frame which rotatably supports the panel support frame of the support system and folds along with it at the assembly, staging site.

Abstract: Precise parameters are maintained in a support system for solar panels or other panel-like structures through use of a collapsible folding, support frame which is preassembled to precise tolerances at a convenient staging site before being collapsed for shipment. Installation on flat roofs is also facilitated through the use of a roof interface frame which rotatably supports the panel support frame of the support system and folds along with it at the assembly, staging site.

Abstract: A panel array support assembly has lower support joists supporting varied panel rails, to which are connected panel holding device or clips. The panel clips are spring-based and configured so that the length of each clip extends in a direction along the length of the panel rails. The panels are supported well inside of the edges extending in the same direction as the panel rails.

Abstract: Precise parameters are maintained in a support structure for solar panels or other panel-like structures through use of a collapsible folding structure which is preassembled to precise tolerances at a convenient staging site before being collapsed for shipment. Easy installation with unskilled labor is facilitated by attaching one support joist to a substrate and then unfolding the entire support structure.

Abstract: A roof panel support system is supported by at least two structural beams, and includes a support matrix for panels, such as solar panels, that can constitute the roof of a structure. The support matrix includes panel rails that can hold panels installed from beneath the support matrix.

Abstract: A panel array support assembly has a lower support joist to which are directly connected panel holding devices or clips. The panel clips are configured so that the length of each clip extends along the length of the lower support joist. The panel clips are preferable configured to have a sliding top arm, which holds the upper edge of the panel, and slides back so that they panel can be placed on a lower holding arm.