Abstract: Various embodiments relate to an electrochemical cell for removal of materials from water and methods of using the same. A method of removing phosphorus from water includes immersing an electrochemical cell in water including phosphorus to form treated water including a salt that includes the phosphorus. The electrochemical cell includes an anode including Mg, Al, Fe, Zn, or a combination thereof, a cathode including Cu, Ni, Fe, or a combination thereof. The method includes separating the salt including the phosphorus from the treated water, to form separated water having a lower phosphorus concentration than the water including phosphorus.

Abstract: A method of treating feed water includes adding a metal component to the feed water to form a clarified aqueous composition.

Abstract: Various embodiments relate to methods and systems for removing phosphorus and/or nitrogen from water. A method of removing phosphorus and nitrogen from water includes passing starting material water including nitrogen and phosphorus through an elevated pH phosphorus removal stage. The method includes passing the water through an electrolytic nitrogen removal stage. The method includes passing the water through a galvanic phosphorus removal stage. The water produced by the method has a lower phosphorus concentration and a lower nitrogen concentration than the starting material water.

Abstract: A method of treating an aqueous composition includes immersing a galvanic cell in the aqueous composition to form a treated aqueous composition. The galvanic cell includes an anode including Mg, Al, Fe, Zn, or a combination thereof. The galvanic cell includes a cathode having a different composition than the anode, the cathode including Cu, Ni, Fe, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A method of treating contaminated water includes contacting the contaminated water including a fluoroalkyl compound with a galvanic cell to form galvanic cell-treated water including a galvanic cell-treated fluoroalkyl compound. The method also includes separating the galvanic cell-treated fluoroalkyl compound from the galvanic cell-treated water to form product water having a lower concentration of the fluoroalkyl compound than the contaminated water and to form an aqueous concentrate having a higher concentration of the galvanic cell-treated fluoroalkyl compound than the product water.

Abstract: Various embodiments relate to denitrification of water using bacteria. A method of denitrification of water includes deoxygenated water including a water-soluble form of nitrogen. The method includes exposing the deoxygenated water to denitrifying bacteria to convert the water-soluble form of nitrogen in the water to nitrogen gas that is removed and to form a denitrified water. The method also includes reoxygenating the denitrified water. Denitrifying bacterial substrates and methods of making the same are also provided.