Abstract: The polarization state of a light wave is changed by a fiber polanrzation retardation device constructed by a method including employment of a pair of clamping fixtures, and a series of steps including clamping, cleaving, splicing, releasing, clamping, and cleaving, so as to achieve precise optical fiber lengths to achieve a desired polarization retarding device.

Abstract: An electric field sensing system is characterized so that a signal processor may derive an output representative of an electric field intended to be measured, particularly established by high voltage on a power line, with enhanced accuracy. Characterizing parameters may be derived from signals representative of a pair of light waves derived from a light wave exiting an optical electric field sensing element in a electric field sensing head spatially positioned in the high voltage environment.

Abstract: A voltage sensor for measuring the voltage on high voltage lines is formed by an electrically isolating-section of material with resistive shielding (RS) that structures the electric field generated by a voltage difference between the two ends of the isolating-section and provides shielding of the internal electric field from sources of electric field interference external to the voltage sensor. At least one electric field sensor is provided to sense the electric field in the isolating-section the output(s) of which is(are) used to infer the voltage difference.

Abstract: A voltage sensor for measuring the voltage on high voltage lines is formed by an electrically isolating section of dielectric material that structures the electric field generated by a voltage difference between the two ends of the isolating section and provides screening of the electric field from other electric field sources external to the isolating section. At least one electric field sensor is provided to sense the electric field in the isolating section the output(s) of which are weighted and combined to provide an accurate measurement of the voltage between the two ends. The electric field sensors are located and their outputs are combined so that error in the voltage measurement due to the influence of external electric field sources is within an acceptable range.