Abstract: An electrodialysis unit 8 comprises a plurality of cathodes 68, a plurality of anodes 70 and a plurality of membranes 71; wherein the cathodes 68 and anodes 70 are arranged alternately in an electrode stack, with membranes 71 in between each cathode 68 and anode 70; and wherein the cathode 68 and the anode 70 are each formed of a single conductive plate such that both surfaces of the cathode plates and anode plates enclosed within the electrode stack are, in use, in conductive contact with the water being treated.

Abstract: An electrodialysis unit 8 for treating water, such as a treatment in order to kill microorganisms, comprises: a membrane cell, an anode flow path 52 for directing a portion of an incoming water flow to an anode side of the membrane cell, a cathode flow path 50 for directing a portion of an incoming water flow to a cathode side of the membrane cell, a temperature monitoring device 9a for monitoring the temperature of the water and a heater 9b for increasing the temperature of the water in the anode flow path 52 before it reaches the membrane cell, wherein the heater 9b is arranged to operate to increase the temperature of the water in the anode flow path 52 when the original water temperature is below a predetermined level. A membrane 71 is located between the electrodes (cathodes 68 and anode 70).

Abstract: An electrodialysis unit comprises a plurality of cathodes, a plurality of anodes and a plurality of membranes; the cathodes and anodes being arranged alternately in an electrode stack, with membranes in between each cathode and anode, anode flow paths formed between the membranes and anodes and cathode flow paths formed between the membranes and cathodes; the electrodialysis unit further comprising: an inlet manifold for distributing water to the anode flow paths or to the cathode flow paths, wherein the inlet manifold comprises a first tube provided with holes along its length, the holes being connected to the flow paths, and a second tube located within and enclosed by the first tube, the second tube having an inlet at one end and being closed at its second end and the second tube being provided with holes along its length that open into the first tube.

Abstract: An electrodialysis unit 8 comprises a cathode 68, an anode 70, a membrane 71 between the cathode 68 and the anode 70, a cathode flow path 72 for water flow along the membrane 71 on the cathode side, an anode flow path 74 for water flow along the membrane 71 on the anode side, and a reaction zone formed between the membrane 71 and the cathode 68 where the cathode 68 faces the anode 70, wherein the cathode flow path 72 is arranged for laminar flow in the reaction zone and wherein the electrodialysis unit 8 comprises flow conditioning elements 64 arranged to promote laminar flow in the incoming water flow to the cathode flow path 72.

Abstract: A liquid or water treatment apparatus comprising one or both of an electrodialysis cell and a cavitation unit. The cavitation unit generates cavitation in the liquid by flow of the liquid into a constriction where cavitation bubbles are formed and then to an outlet where cavitation bubbles implode, and the constriction includes an aperture formed by walls which are long and narrowly spaced in a plane normal to the flow direction. The electrodialysis cell is arranged with an inlet flow path for directing only part of a quantity of water to be treated through the electrodialysis cell, and an outlet flow path for returning a product of the electrodialysis cell to the remainder of the water.

Abstract: A liquid or water treatment apparatus comprising one or both of an electrodialysis cell and a cavitation unit. The cavitation unit generates cavitation in the liquid by flow of the liquid into a constriction where cavitation bubbles are formed and then to an outlet where cavitation bubbles implode, and the constriction includes an aperture formed by walls which are long and narrowly spaced in a plane normal to the flow direction. The electrodialysis cell is arranged with an inlet flow path for directing only part of a quantity of water to be treated through the electrodialysis cell, and an outlet flow path for returning a product of the electrodialysis cell to the remainder of the water.

Abstract: An electrodialysis unit 8 comprises a plurality of cathodes 68, a plurality of anodes 70 and a plurality of membranes 71; wherein the cathodes 68 and anodes 70 are arranged alternately in an electrode stack, with membranes 71 in between each cathode 68 and anode 70; and wherein the cathode 68 and the anode 70 are each formed of a single conductive plate such that both surfaces of the cathode plates and anode plates enclosed within the electrode stack are, in use, in conductive contact with the water being treated.

Abstract: An electrodialysis unit comprises a plurality of cathodes, a plurality of anodes and a plurality of membranes; the cathodes and anodes being arranged alternately in an electrode stack, with membranes in between each cathode and anode, anode flow paths formed between the membranes and anodes and cathode flow paths formed between the membranes and cathodes; the electrodialysis unit further comprising: an inlet manifold for distributing water to the anode flow paths or to the cathode flow paths, wherein the inlet manifold comprises a first tube provided with holes along its length, the holes being connected to the flow paths, and a second tube located within and enclosed by the first tube, the second tube having an inlet at one end and being closed at its second end and the second tube being provided with holes along its length that open into the first tube.

Abstract: An electrodialysis unit for treating water comprises a membrane cell, a temperature monitoring device for monitoring the temperature of incoming water and a heater for increasing the temperature of the incoming water before it reaches the membrane cell; wherein the heater is arranged to operate to increase the temperature of the incoming water when the original water temperature is below a predetermined level.

Abstract: A liquid or water treatment apparatus comprising one or both of an electrodialysis cell and a cavitation unit. The cavitation unit generates cavitation in the liquid by flow of the liquid into a constriction where cavitation bubbles are formed and then to an outlet where cavitation bubbles implode, and the constriction includes an aperture formed by walls which are long and narrowly spaced in a plane normal to the flow direction. The electrodialysis cell is arranged with an inlet flow path for directing only part of a quantity of water to be treated through the electrodialysis cell, and an outlet flow path for returning a product of the electrodialysis cell to the remainder of the water.

Abstract: A liquid or water treatment apparatus comprising one or both of an electrodialysis cell and a cavitation unit. The cavitation unit generates cavitation in the liquid by flow of the liquid into a constriction where cavitation bubbles are formed and then to an outlet where cavitation bubbles implode, and the constriction includes an aperture formed by walls which are long and narrowly spaced in a plane normal to the flow direction. The electrodialysis cell is arranged with an inlet flow path for directing only part of a quantity of water to be treated through the electrodialysis cell, and an outlet flow path for returning a product of the electrodialysis cell to the remainder of the water.