Abstract: A substrate is formed in a rectangular shape, a plurality of light emitting elements are arranged on one end face of the substrate, and a translucent sealing material is adhered to the one end face to seal the light emitting elements. A light irradiation device is thin, which transfers heat generated at the light emitting elements to the substrate where the heat is dissipated. Even if the substrate is made thinner, the heat dissipation performance of the substrate can be maintained or enhanced when the dimension of the substrate is increased in the direction intersecting the one end face of the substrate.

Abstract: A substrate is formed in a rectangular shape, a plurality of light emitting elements are arranged on one end face of the substrate, and a translucent sealing material is adhered to the one end face to seal the light emitting elements. A light irradiation device is thin, which transfers heat generated at the light emitting elements to the substrate where the heat is dissipated. Even if the substrate is made thinner, the heat dissipation performance of the substrate can be maintained or enhanced when the dimension of the substrate is increased in the direction intersecting the one end face of the substrate.

Abstract: There is provided a speaker that uses a waterproof vibration plate that is obtained by forming a water repellent layer containing wax on a surface of paper pulp by the use of a wax-based emulsion in a suspension of the paper pulp, then forming a binder layer containing rosin or alkyl ketene dimmer on a surface of the water repellent layer by the use of a rosin sizing agent or an alkyl ketene dimmer sizing agent in the suspension, then forming an oil repellent layer containing a fluorinated resin on a surface of the binder layer by the use of a fluorine-based resin emulsion in the suspension, then forming the paper pulp into paper, and then heating and drying the same.

Abstract: There is provided a speaker that uses a waterproof vibration plate that is obtained by forming a water repellent layer containing wax on a surface of paper pulp by the use of a wax-based emulsion in a suspension of the paper pulp, then forming a binder layer containing rosin or alkyl ketene dimmer on a surface of the water repellent layer by the use of a rosin sizing agent or an alkyl ketene dimmer sizing agent in the suspension, then forming an oil repellent layer containing a fluorinated resin on a surface of the binder layer by the use of a fluorine-based resin emulsion in the suspension, then forming the paper pulp into paper, and then heating and drying the same.

Abstract: A communications system is described in which a large number of endpoints communicate among one another in an orderly and protocol independent manner. The system is based on a short, fixed format packet which is switched among stations and within equipment in a contention-free manner without the use of general purpose processors. The system is distance independent, employs serial or parallel data paths, can use various media and can transport and switch data and digitized voice and video information in the same format and with the same equipment and transmission media. The effect of the system is to enable the construction of large metropolitan area networks which provide complete protocol conversion of all terminal types as well as transmission of data, voice, video and encrypted information.