Abstract: This invention relates to methods and compositions for detecting, diagnosing, preventing, treating or ameliorating the symptoms of a demyelinating condition selected from: enterotoxemia (ET), multiple sclerosis (MS), clinically definite MS (CDMS), clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), optic neuritis (ON), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), myelitis, myelitis, transverse myelitis (TM), a disease or condition characterised by the increase or presence of antibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) and/or astrocyte damage, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in a human or animal subject in need.