Abstract: The invention provides methods of treatment, pharmaceutical compositions, systems and kits appropriate for first line and/or adjunct therapy with antivenom using at least one active component, in some instances at least two active components and in other instances no more than two active components selected from the group consisting of a selective secretory PLA2 inhibitor (sPLA2 or PLA2 inhibitor), a metalloproteinase inhibitor, a serine protease inhibitor, antivenom, one or more acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or a nAChR agonist paired with a mAChR antagonist, a NMDA receptor antagonist and a spreading factor inhibitor to treat a subject who suffers from an envenomation, preferably at the time of envenomation and often within a period of less than about an hour after an envenomation or 6 hours after an envenomation and throughout the course of treatment at time with or without antivenom as an adjunct therapy after an envenomation by, for example, a snake or invertebrate.

Abstract: Methods and kits for treating or reducing the likelihood of neurotoxin-induced respiratory failure in a subject, such as a victim of neurotoxic envenomation are provided. Also provided are methods for treating or reducing the likelihood of residual neuromuscular blockade in a subject to whom a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent has been administered. The methods involve administering a pharmaceutically effective dose of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor to the subject, where the administration is not via injection. In some embodiments intra-nasal or ocular administration is used.