Abstract: An anti-reflection film of several layers is described for an optical element consisting of an organic material with photochromic properties.The film according to the invention is characterized by the fact that the mean reflection of the film over the spectral range between 330 nm and 380 nm is less than 4% and the mean reflection over the range between 290 nm and 330 nm is greater than 15%. This reflection behavior serves to prevent the stimulation of the photochromic effect by light with too short a wavelength from reducing the useful life of the photochromic effect. In addition, a suitable choice of the reflection properties means that a deliberate stimulation of photochromic molecules situated in certain steric positions and so influence on the kinetics and color of the photochromic effect can be obtained.

Abstract: An objective of great overall length having two lens groups with a positive lens power and an aperture disposed in front of or within of the first lens group. The first lens group includes a positive lens and a negative lens. The second lens group has at least four lens components with lens powers of positive, negative, positive and negative, respectively the distance between the two lens groups being greater than the focal length of the objective. Additionally, the lens components of the second lens group satisfy the following conditions:R.sub.21 <fR.sub.26 <f/2-R.sub.29 <fwhereinR.sub.21 is the radius of curvature of the front surface of the first lens component;R.sub.26 is the radius of curvature of the back surface of the second lens component;R.sub.29 is the radius of curvature of the front surface of the fourth element lens component; andf is the focal length of the objective.

Abstract: A multifocal spectacle lens is described with a high positive focal power, with a convex front surface which comprises an aspheric focal portion with an additional near segment, a transition zone surrounding the focal portion and a rim zone, and with an inside surface which forms an afocal margin together with the rim zone. The multifocal spectacle lens according to this invention is characterized by the fact that the near segment has an aspheric design and is separated from the focal section above it by a dividing line which has an approximately straight course. The main meridian of the near segment carries over into the main meridian of the focal section above it continuously and practically without any jump.

Abstract: A device is described for the integration of operating light and of monitoring and/or target light into an ocular examination instrument, for example a split lamp instrument, whose lamp and monitoring instrument can be rotated through a vertical axis drawn through the eye to be examined.In the device according to this invention the operating light beam and the monitoring and/or target light beam are directed in a strictly coaxial relationship. The coaxial light beams are first introduced into the axis of the split lamp designed as a concave axis, then deflected by a first optical apparatus out of the revolution axis in an almost vertical direction into the holder of the monitoring instrument and in this holder are deflected almost parallel to the revolution axis and finally integrated into the beam path of the monitoring instruments outside the revolution axis by a third optical apparatus.

Abstract: A device is provided for the optical detection of form errors of a low order, for example of roughness. The device possesses a light source whose light probes the body to be examined and a light-receiving device for the light reflected by the body. The device is characterized by the fact that the light-receiving device consists of a number of light-receiving elements arranged in linear array and that an evaluation unit determines the inclination angle of the probed surface element of the body from all output signals of the light-receiving elements. Shifts in the core of the reflected light beam can be measured which are substantially below the width of a light-receiving element. The measuring results remain practically unaffected by form deviations of a higher order such as roughness etc.

Abstract: An arrangement for determining the surface structure and especially the roughness of a specimen which includes an image lens system that focuses a parallel ray onto the surface to be examined with an inclined incidence direction and a lens system which reproduces the reflected light beam on a detector array. The distance of the detector array is approximately equal to the focal distance of the lens system. The distance of the surface from the lens systems is also approximately equal to the focal distance of the lens systems. The arrangement according to the invention offers the advantage that also with an areal specimen illumination as well as with greater changes of the distance between the arrangement and the surface to be examined, an unequivocal coordination exists between the angle, under which the light is reflected, and the individual detector elements.

Abstract: A scanning objective with two optical elements, which includes at least one aspherical surface; the aspherical surface is so constructed that in comparison with a spherical surface with the same vertex radius of curvature, the thickness of the lens increases toward the outside. By this construction of the aspherical surface in accordance with the present invention, for example, a scanning objective with two lenses and an aspherical surface can be obtained which is limited in diffraction for small image scales.

Abstract: A pad assembly for eyeglass frames, in which an insert with a mounting portion is molded-in into the nose pad, whereby the mounting opening of the mounting portion is located outside of the nose pad; a connecting area is provided at the pad arm end which includes one or several projections and is adapted to be inserted into the mounting opening. The mounting opening is dimensionally reduced by plastic deformation of the mounting portion to such an extent that with an inserted connecting area of the pad arm end, a form-locking connection will result between the mounting portion and the pad arm.

Abstract: A spectacle lens with a high positive refracting power, whose front surface has an aspheric, rotationally symmetric effective part. The effective part is configured in accordance with the following equation: ##EQU1## where z is the sagitta, h is the distance from the optical axis, C is determined by the desired refracting power of the front surface at the vertex, and K and I.sub.i are aspheric coefficients. The aspheric coefficients K and I.sub.i are determined so that either the visual acuity V is a maximum or .vertline..DELTA.R.vertline.+.vertline..DELTA.S.vertline. is a minimum. The lens produces a pattern of aberration which allows complete utilization of the visual field for dynamic vision.

Abstract: An optical device for imaging an interior of an eye, especially a retina of the human eye, with the optical device including a front element which acts as an objective and which is adapted to be brought in proximity to the eye, and a single- or multi-element field lens disposed in a common mount. The mount and field lens each include a flattened surface portion extending substantially parallel to a common optical axis of the front element and field lens. The flattened surface portions are disposed so as to permit an introduction of a surgical instrument into the eye during eye surgery such as, for example, vitrectomy.

Abstract: A contact glass with two reflecting surfaces for observing the chamber angle of a human eye in proximity of the iris, with a reflecting surface arranged laterally of the eye to be examined and a central reflecting surface to be located in the area of the common optical axis of the eye and of the axis of the contact glass; the path of observation rays is guided from the eye of the observer to the central reflecting surface and from the latter by way of the lateral reflecting surface into the interior of the eye whereby the lateral reflecting surface is so arranged to the common axis that its plane intersects the eye to be examined outside of the corneal area thereof and extends toward the eye to be examined up to a point to the rear of the center tangent of the eye abutment surface of the contact glass.

Abstract: A vision testing device, wherein projected or transilluminated indicia in the form of characters and/or symbols of different sizes and recognizabilities are shown to a subject under a test in a test field. The characters or symbols appear bright with a luminance of preferably about 70 cd/m.sup.2. A darker field surrounds the characters or symbols, with the darker field having a luminance of about one-fifth to one-eighth of the luminance of the characters or symbols. Brighter areas with a luminance of 250-1000 cd/m.sup.2 are provided adjacent the darker surrounding field.

Abstract: A method for using mass-produced light-emitting diodes of a predetermined luminance in instruments requiring a precise luminance value and a light-emitting diode arrangement for adapting such mass-produced light emitting diodes to such instruments. The above-noted method includes the steps of disposing an LED in a lengthwise adjustable manner within a sleeve, closing the sleeve with a light diffusing disc at an end thereof from which the light from the LED is intended to merge and displacing the LED within the sleeve in such a manner that a precisely defined luminance appears at the diffused disc. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the apparatus, a tubular sleeve of an elastic plastic material is provided with mounting threads at one end thereof for mounting same within a cap with a light-diffusing disc located between the threaded end of the sleeve and the cap. Additionally, the sleeve is provided with longitudinally extending beads within which electrical connectors of the LED can be mounted.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for dynamic or static perimetry of the human eye wherein topographical measuring threshold values of eye sensitivity for the eye being tested are obtained and are electronically compared with stored standard values of eye sensitivity corresponding to the testing conditions. An indication is provided of deviations between the measured values and the stored standard values. The apparatus includes a perimetry device, a computer for storing the standard values and at least one program for controlling the perimetry device and for comparing the measured values with the stored standard values and a display arrangement for displaying the values and deviations.

Abstract: A light-emitting diode arrangement with a light-emitting diode that is light-transmissive in an axial direction of the type used in examining instruments for opthalmic optics. The light-emitting diode serves as a constant light source in conjunction with a diffusion disk, such as for fixation point stimuli, while the disk also serves as a stimulus that is lit by an additional, switchable light source, such as an incandescent lamp, whose light is transmitted through a light guide, such as an optical fiber, through the light-emitting diode to the disk. In a preferred embodiment, a color filter is arranged between the additional light source and the light-emitting diode and both the additional light source and light-emitting diode are axially displaceable relative to the diffusion disk so as to enable adjustment of their respective luminous densities.

Abstract: In the disclosed lens, one lens surface is divided into an upper distance-vision portion FT, a lower near-vision portion NT, and a varying or transitional region PB between the two other portions. In the upper distance-vision portion, the surface contains a far reference point B.sub.F and exhibits predetermined average distance-vision surface refractive powers D.sub.F. The lower near-vision portion contains a near-vision reference point B.sub.N and has predetermined average near-vision surface refractive powers D.sub.N. The transitional region exhibits average surface refractive powers D.sub.P which effect a smooth transition from the distance-vision portion to the near-vision portion. The surface is divided into a temporal portion and a nasal portion by a principal meridian M which forms an umbilical line.

Abstract: A phototopometer for determining the curvature of the cornea of an eye including pairs of measuring targets arranged in a measuring target carrier for disposition at a predetermined distance from the cornea of the eye to be measured and a photographing system for photographing the measuring targets reflected on the cornea to enable the radius of curvature of the cornea in the zone of the measuring target reflection to be determined from the reproduced image of the measuring targets in accordance with geometrical characteristics the photographing system has an optical axis and the spacing of the measuring targets of each measuring target pair is dimensioned in dependence on the distance thereof to the optical axis of the photographing system and to the cornea, whereby in accordance with the reproduction scale of the photographing system, the spacings of all reproduced measuring target pairs are in the same proportional relationship to the respectively associated radius of the cornea.

Abstract: An optical system for night-vision glasses having a long focal length and a large image angle including an objective having a structural length less than 1.6f and an aperture ratio larger than 1.2, with the objective having a high distortion and an image angle of about 50.degree.. An image amplifier is provided for receiving an image from the objective and for providing an amplified image output with a viewing optic being provided for receiving the amplified image output and for compensating for the distortion of the objective to provide a substantially distortion-free image to a viewer.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the radii of contact lenses includes a holding arrangement for mounting a contact lens to be measured, and a mirror arrangement for directing a measuring beam emitted from an optical radius-measuring device to the contact lens to be measured. The optical radius-measuring device has an optical axis which is located at different height positions during measurement of the contact lens and the mirror arrangement is movable so that the optical axis of the radius-measuring device passes through the area of the center of curvature of the contact lens surface to be measured.