Abstract: Efficiency of internal combustion engine performance, i.e. improved mileage per gallon, and improved performance, e.g. lower exhaust temperature, is increased by the addition of carotenoids, beta-carotene in particular, to diesel fuel before use, and the combustion of coal is improved, i.e. higher BTU/lb results, sulfur in emission from such coal combustion is reduced, and sulfur in ash is increased, by the addition of squalene, squalane, carotenoids, beta-carotene in particular, hemoglobin and chlorophyll to the coal before burning.