Abstract: The invention relates to a reinforcing structure for a thin film, particularly for an ultrathin film permeable to X-ray and ultraviolet radiation, and a method for manufacturing a reinforcing structure for a thin film with a thickness less than 5 micrometers. According to the invention, on the surface of the thin film, there is formed, in a bakeing treatment of at least one step, a reinforcing structure made of some photosensitive material such as polymer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for providing cooling in a reloadable cooling apparatus, which can be used in actuators requiring low temperatures. According to the invention, the loading of at least one cooling element (2, 22, 32), located in the vacuum of the cooling apparatus, is carried out through at least one cooling surface (4, 25, 34), connected to outside the cooling apparatus (1, 21, 31), and the period between two loadings is extended by reducing the transversal area of the supporting member (3, 23, 33) and by reducing the heat conduction distance of the supporting member (3, 23, 33) of the cooling element from the cooling apparatus (1, 21, 33), advantageously by shaping the supporting member (3, 23, 33).