Abstract: The braking force control device detects an impossible state where one or some of the actuators are temporarily unable to generate a negative driving force, and a predictive state where one or some of the actuators are predicted to become unable to generate a negative driving force. Every time the coasting state occurs before establishment of the impossible state and after establishment of the predictive state, the braking force control device gradually increases the negative driving force generated by the corresponding one or ones of the actuators. Even when the coasting state occurs in the impossible state, the braking force control device does not cause the corresponding one or ones of the actuators to generate a driving force. Every time the coasting state occurs after the impossible state, the braking force control device gradually decreases the negative driving force generated by the corresponding one or ones of the actuators.

Abstract: A tubular valve casing formed of metal is molded with an outer shell portion formed of synthetic resin. A valve body is inserted into the valve casing through an opening formed at an end of the valve casing and incorporated in the valve casing. An annular projection is formed in the outer shell portion and projects toward the end surface of the valve casing corresponding to the opening. A seal ring is arranged between the projection and the valve body.

Abstract: A control system of an internal combustion engine provided with a throttle valve passage air flow calculation equation by which the throttle valve passage air flow mt is expressed as a function of the downstream side intake pipe pressure at the downstream side of the throttle valve and a cylinder intake air flow calculation equation by which the cylinder intake air flow mc is expressed as a function of the downstream side intake pipe pressure, where said downstream side intake pipe pressure Pm and cylinder intake air flow mc when the throttle valve passage air flow mt found from said throttle valve passage air flow calculation equation and the cylinder intake air flow mc found from said cylinder intake air flow calculation equation match are calculated as the downstream side intake pipe pressure Pmta and cylinder intake air flow mcta at the time of steady operation under the operating conditions at that time is provided.