Abstract: In the process of electrolysis of aqueous alkali metal halide solutions to produce hypohalite, halogen, halate and/or perhalate, the improvement comprising operating the electrolysis at least intermittently at a pressure less than 0.7 atmosphere, preferably sodium chloride solutions.

Abstract: In a process for the electrolysis of sea water to produce hypochlorite in at least one electrolysis cell equipped with anodes and cathodes forming interelectrodic spaces, the improvement comprising admixing sea water before electrolysis with sufficient hypochlorite solution to substantially oxidize bromine, iodine and sulfur ion impurities to their elemental forms and an apparatus for said process. Preferably, the hypochlorite solution is recycled from an electrolysis cell and the ratio of recycle liquid to sea water is adjusted to increase the temperature of the sea water mixture to at least 9.6.degree. C.

Abstract: A horizontal diaphragmless bipolar electrolyzer comprising a horizontal housing made of electrically insulated material, an anodic or (cathodic) plate at one end of the housing provided with a plurality of blade shaped electrodes vertically arranged along the housing axis, a cathodic (or anodic) plate at the opposite end of the housing provided with a plurality of blade shaped electrodes vertically arranged along the housing axis, at least one bipolar electrode element with blade shaped anodes and cathodes vertically arranged on opposite sides thereof on the housing axis to interleaf with the electrodes of the next unit, means for introducing fresh electrolyte at one end of the housing, means for removing treated electrolyte at the opposite end, a space above the electrode assembly for gas disengagement and removal, a space below the electrode assembly for solid particles collection and means for impressing an electrolysis current thereon.

Abstract: A measuring electrode for determining the concentration of aqueous sulfuric acid solutions comprising a lead electrode activated by anodic polarization in aqueous sulfuric acid and a process of determining the state of charge of a lead-acid battery.

Abstract: A novel measuring electrode for determination of the concentration of anionic species in aqueous solutions by measuring the potential difference between the measuring electrode and a reference electrode comprising a body provided with an outer surface comprised of graphite or carbon black dispersed in a chemically inert matrix, said electrode being preactivated by anodic polarization in an aqueous alkaline or acid solution, the process of activating the said electrode and a method of ascertaining the charge state of an electric accumulator by determining the strength of the electrolyte therein.