Abstract: Novel pulp, paper and paperboard manufacturing methods utilizing water-insoluble organic hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons can be introduced into the pressing operation of the pulp, paper, or paperboard making machine or can be substituted for water at any point prior to the end of the press section. The result is a significant saving in dryer energy which can be translated to greater productivity in dryer-limited processes. The result is a significant saving in dryer energy which can be translated to greater productivity in dryer limited systems. Functional chemical additives may be dissolved, dispersed or emulsified in the hydrocarbon and thereby introduced into the web. Much less functional chemical additive is required than with wet end addition.

Abstract: Novel pulp, paper and paperboard manufacturing methods utilizng non polar organic solvents. These solvents can be introduced into the pressing operation of the pulp, paper, or paperboard making machine or can be substituted for water at any point after the formation stage. The result is a significant saving in dryer energy which can be translated to greater productivity in dryer-limited processes, accompanied by an improvement in tensile strength and other physical properties.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the electrophoretic mobility of migrating particles in a suspending medium under the influence of an applied electric field comprising an electrophoresis chamber, means for illuminating the electrophoresis chamber, a microscope having an objective lens system and an ocular lens system, said microscope being positioned to view the electrophoresis chamber along an optical path extending from the electrophoresis chamber through the objective lens system and toward the ocular lens system, means for generating moving bands of visible energy into the ocular lens system of the microscope, means for adjusting the speed of the moving bands of visible energy; and means for determining the speed of the moving bands.