Abstract: A system for forming a beam includes one or more wave sources; one or more surface scattering antennas (for example, one or more holographic metasurface antennas) coupled to the one or more wave sources, wherein each of the one or more surface scattering antennas comprises an array of scattering elements that are dynamically adjustable in response to one or more waves provided by the one or more wave sources to produce a beam; and a beam shaper configured to receive the beam from each of the one or more surface scattering antennas and to redirect the beam, preferably, with gain.

Abstract: A system for evaluating the performance of beam forming antennas based on correlations of signal to noise measurements of individual scattering elements in the antennas. An RF source provides a radio frequency (RF) signal having a first frequency to an input of the antenna. Each of the antenna's scattering elements are individually selectable to emit the RF signal. A bias signal sequentially turns off and on each scattering element while emitting the RF signal. Also, a characteristic of the RF signal emitted by each scattering element is separately measured and each difference between the characteristics are identified and compared to one or more threshold values. A report regarding the differences that exceed the threshold value is provided to a user.