Abstract: Various embodiments of a gut microbiome modulating composition comprises a blend of a polyphenol and an oligosaccharide. Various embodiments of the polyphenol may comprise at least approximately 5% by weight chlorogenic acid. Various embodiments of the oligosaccharides may be standardized to a degree of polymerization of at least three to reduce digestibility. Administration of an effective amount of the gut microbiome modulating composition to a person or animal may stimulate the growth of at least one of Akkermansia muciniphila, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium bacteria in the colon, which may reduce permeability of the colon, increases short chain fatty acid production in the colon, and/or modulate causes immunomodulation of human colon cells. The gut microbiome modulating composition may provide protective effects against obesity-related chronic diseases.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide topical compositions and methods for treating the skin to modulate the skin microbiome. The application of various embodiments of the topical composition may modulate the growth of various commensal bacterial in the skin microbiome when applied to the skin, which may improve the immune function of the skin and/or reduce premature aging of the skin.