Abstract: Toward forming a single hybrid biosensing-imaging system that can operate inside an incubator, structures and methods are directed to placing modular and removable biosensors and biocompatible interfaces in 3D transparent test wells that contain biological samples. The technology enables continuous monitoring of multiple simultaneous parameters and functions of a living cell or cell clusters such as alterations of cellular ligands, physicochemical biomarkers, phenotypes, and/or extracellular compositions upon interactions with analytes or during progressions. Methods of capturing and analyzing direct orthogonal information from biological samples in 2D and 3D, which are conducive to generating new insights are presented.

Abstract: Toward forming a single hybrid biosensing-imaging system that can operate inside an incubator, structures and methods are directed to placing modular and removable biosensors and biocompatible interfaces in 3D transparent test wells that contain biological samples. The technology enables continuous monitoring of multiple simultaneous parameters and functions of a living cell or cell clusters such as alterations of cellular ligands, physicochemical biomarkers, phenotypes, and/or extracellular compositions upon interactions with analytes or during progressions. Methods of capturing and analyzing direct orthogonal information from biological samples in 2D and 3D, which are conducive to generating new insights are presented.