Abstract: A device for determining the deviation of a target provided with a retrorector from a predetermined location in three spatial directions has a laser and a quadrant detector arranged next to it, which can be displaced jointly in the three spatial directions X, Y, Z. In this arrangement, the Z-setting is readjusted with the aid of a range measurement, so that the target is optimally illuminated. On the basis of the signal in the quadrant detector a displacement in the X-direction and Y-direction is effected in order to obtain a zero signal from the quadrant detector. The readjustments in the three directions are a measure of the deviation which can be displayed on a display via control electronics.

Abstract: The arrangement for firing simulation and battle simulation, for reflecting mages generated by means of a computer (12) into the beam path (15) of a sighting device which has a cathode-ray tube (5, 6) for producing the images, is designed in such a way that it can be used even in widely varying external brightness. For this purpose, the cathode-ray tube (5, 6) emits essentially monochromatic light, while a narrow-band absorption filter (16) for the wavelength of the cathode-ray tube (5, 6) is located in the beam path (15) of the sight outside the beam path of the generated images.

Abstract: In the measurement system for the measurement of an object (2), the object 2) is provided with two retro-reflectors (3, 4) disposed at a known spacing. A measuring device (1) exhibits a light source (5), a video camera (7, 8) and an arrangement (9) which carries out the measurement with reference to the two image points which are formed by the light reflected by the retroreflectors (3, 4). The light source (5) is preferably a flash light source, the flashes of which are synchronized by an arrangement (6) with the imaging sequence of the video camera (7, 8).

Abstract: The accessory for training simulators is intended especially for the effeve practice and monitoring of the work of the loading gunner. A practice cartridge (20) has a device (23) for detecting the actuation of the firing mechanism (9, 10) or an electrical firing signal supplied from outside and a device (24) for emitting an electromagnetic signal when this actuation or the firing signal is detected. Furthermore, the practice cartridge (20) has, on its rear side (7), two electrodes (18, 19) which can be bridged by the striking pin (9) and of which one (19) is connected to the device (23) for detecting the actuation of the firing mechanism (9, 10) or the electrical firing signal supplied from outside and the other (18) is connected via a switch (21) to a battery (22) arranged in the practice cartridge (20). The electromagnetic signal is detected and transmitted by a receiver (32) arranged at the barrel muzzle.

Abstract: The landing approach aid for aircraft exhibits, on the one hand, triple mors (4,6) on the landing field. On the other hand, the aircraft (1) is provided with a spotlight, a television camera in the vicinity of the spotlight (at 3) and a device for displaying and/or evaluating the recorded television images. (FIG. 1).

Abstract: The device for practicing the aiming of a firearm at a target (5), which ice comprises an optical aiming system for a light beam (11,12,13), more particularly a laser beam, directed at the target, at least one retro reflector (6) which is intended to reflect the light and which is fitted to the target (5), and arrangements for the observation of the reflected light, is characterized in that it comprises several different groups (1,2,3) of retro reflectors (6).

Abstract: The arrangement for the transmission of laser light (9) exhibits a laser tter (1) and a receiver (2) for the laser light (9). In order that it should be possible to establish if the optical system (6) of the receiver (2) becomes dirty or an obstruction passes in front of this optical system, the laser receiver (2) is provided with a reference light source (12) disposed after the optical system (6). If the objective (6) becomes dirty or if an obstruction passes in front of the same, light from the reference light source (12) is scattered into the detector (7), so that an alarm indication can be given by a warning circuit (14).

Abstract: A method for the laser-optical measurement of cooperative objects at an urtain distance by emission of a laser beam and evaluation of the echo reflected at the object, more especially for simulation of firing for practice purposes. In order to be able to adapt the size of the beam cross-section to the target conditions within limited distance ranges, within a coherent measurement process a plurality of similar individual measurements are undertaken with differing beam divergences, which are associated in each instance with differing distance ranges. If echos which come from a distance substantially greater than the distance associated with the set divergence are received, then these are excluded from the evaluation.

Abstract: The arrangement for shot simulation with a shot simulator and at least one arget is characterized in that the target has a device for emitting light of a wavelength outside the visible wavelength range and the shot simulator has a receiving device for the light. The shot simulator also possesses a device for measuring the period of time between the detection of the target as a result of the emitted light and the firing of a simulated shot. By means of this arrangement, the reaction time required by the gunner between the detection of the target, the identification of the latter and the firing of a shot and a hit can be measured effectively.

Abstract: Method and firing simulator for practicing aiming with the use of a laser firing simulator and of a retroreflector on the target side, as well as a simulator for carrying out this method. On triggering of the simulated firing, the target distance, the velocity of the target relative to the line of sight and the aiming-off allowance are measured, and the position of the hit is computed therefrom after the elapse of the projectile flight time.

Abstract: Device for practicing aiming with a firearm at a target, which device inces an optical sighting system and an arrangement for the determination of the simulated hit position in relation to the target position. In order to achieve a direct comparison with the image of the target perceived in the optical sighting system and the point of impact, it is provided that the hit position is displayed in the optical sighting system. For this purpose, the target is recorded by a TV camera, and a corresponding monitor image is reflected into the optical sighting system.

Abstract: In a system for the transmission of information between an inquiry station nd a response station by means of optical radiation from the inquiry station an outgoing signal is transmitted and subjected to a modulation partially in fixed frequency and partially with information code and by the response station on the one hand is received and evaluated and on the other reflected back as return signal and subjected to a modulation. The enabling of the return reflection is controlled in dependence upon the evaluation of an identification contained in the outgoing signal.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for combat simulation, in which each weapon carrying ombat participant has a laser transmitter, an optical measurement receiver, and an analyzer, and each target object combat participant has reflector elements, an optical information receiver and a device for evaluating the optical information. When firing is simulated, the target is tracked with laser pulses which are transmitted by the laser transmitter and reflected by the reflector elements back to the measurement receiver. The hit accuracy information is optically coded and sent back to the target. According to this invention, optical signals or beams for target tracking and for information transmission are spatially separated from each other by distributing the reflector elements in the vulnerable area of the target, but locating the optical information receiver separately, preferably in an exposed location. The reflector elements may be inexpensive disposable elements.

Abstract: A sabot projectile guide with a rear sabot intended for resting in a leakoof manner against a smooth gun barrel, and with a front encircling guide collar intended for interacting with the barrel in a guiding manner, and with an encircling cavity enclosed essentially in a leak-proof manner between the sabot and the collar and the barrel. The tube friction, together with the tube damage arising from this, is reduced, centering of the projectile is improved and its scattering is reduced, because the periphery of the guide collar is designed as a dynamic gas bearing which has a ram zone open towards the front and a support gap connected to the cavity towards the rear. The cavity between sabot and the guide collar is closed off essentially in a leak-proof manner, apart from the gas bearing, so that during the interior ballistic phase a differential pressure sufficient for the functioning of the gas bearing is preserved between the ram side and the cavity.

Abstract: A shooting simulation and training method for ballistic ammunition and mole targets. Before firing the shot, a continuously repeated measurement of the target by laser measurement pulses transmitted at the weapons side is performed. A determination of the target distance and target deviation from a reference line, and storage of data derived therefrom is then performed. At the time of firing the shot, a transmission of the stored data by coded laser signals to the target is accomplished, followed by conclusion of scanning of the target. After firing the shot and during the simulated projectile flight time, measurement of the actual movement of the target relative to the receiving direction of the laser signals is determined. A score is determined by comparing the transmitted data with the target position at the end of the projectile flight time.

Abstract: A device for evaluating the sighting of a target by a sighting unit along its line-of-sight during shooting simulation of a sight-controlled missile is disclosed. A laser transmitter/receiver unit is coupled to the sighting unit with independent movement therewith in at least one direction. The transmitter/receiver generates a reference light beam having a direction parallel to the transmitting direction of the transmitted laser beam. The reference beam is focused into the sighting unit and onto an angle measuring means which measures the angle between the radiation received from a missile and the line-of-sight of the sighting unit. The angle measuring means generates misalignment signals representing the angle deviation between the reference beam and the line-of-sight. These signals are then processed by a processing unit to evaluate the sighting of the target by the sighting unit.

Abstract: A portable apparatus having the shape, and intended to simulate the firing, f an actual rocket launcher. The simulated portable rocket launcher, used in conjunction with a laser device, comprises a tubular casing having mounted thereon an aiming device. A unit of similar shape designed to be inserted in said casing, has front and rear end plates between which extends a bar surrounded by a spiral spring, an annular shaped mass representing a rocket being movably mounted through its annulus on said bar. Locking and triggering means are provided to secure the mass to the rear end plate in a ready-to-fire position, while a resilient stop member for the movable mass is provided at the front end plate. Activation of the triggering means releases the mass from the rear end plate and activates the laser device which directs a beam on the target. Movement of the mass along the bar is terminated at the front end plate by the resilient stop means.

Abstract: A device for measuring the fill level of a liquid medium in a container by easuring the capacitance between electrodes contained in the medium is disclosed. A pair of electrodes in which one of the electrode is divided over its height into two partial surfaces (F1, F2) which are insulated from one another. Each surface forms a partial capacitor (C1, C2) with the other electrode. The divided electrode is characterized in that at least one of the surfaces (F1) or (F2) has a width which increases or decreases over the height of the electrode. By the appropriate combination of the partial capacitances, the level of the medium can be determined as well as a separate determination of the fluid's susceptibility (K).

Abstract: A camouflage launching device for launching camouflaging means into an azth sector of an incoming transmission beam, having a launching rotor with a plurality of camouflage launching devices and motor driven for being rotated about a vertical axis, to place the rotor in a ready status, a stator with an antenna for receiving an incoming transmission beam from any azimuth, and a plurality of angularly spaced fire transmitters cooperating with fire receivers of the rotor for firing camouflage projectiles from the launching devices into a selective azimuth sector for laying a camouflage within the sector against an incoming projectile.

Abstract: A variable optical transmitter includes a light emitting element which prcts a very compact beam of light. The transmitter is constructed to be adjustable so that the light beam may be transmitted at any desired azimuth angle around a vertical axis. By directing the light beam vertically toward a fixed reflector, projection of the beam in any desired horizontal direction may be achieved by a very slight deflection of the beam source from the vertical. The apparatus may also include a receiving portion which will detect the direction of receipt of an incoming light beam. The device may thus be used to transmit a light beam precisely in the direction from which a signal was received.