Abstract: A frequency change measuring device includes frequency divider for frequency dividing a measuring signal to produce frequency-divided signals, first counter for counting the frequency-divides signals to calculate frequency-division numbers, frequency division numbers transmitter for transmitting the frequency division numbers in synchronism with the frequency-divided signals, frequency division numbers receiver for receiving the frequency division numbers transmitted from the frequency division numbers transmitter, second counter for counting outputs of a reference clock generator synchronized with a timekeeping device that keeps the standard time, latch unit for latching a count of frequency outputs of the reference clock generator synchronous for generating reference clocks on the basis of signals synchronous with the frequency division numbers, and operations unit for determining a frequency change on the basis of the count and the frequency division numbers.

Abstract: The method of producing a redifferentiated plantlet of the present invention comprises a step of proliferating cultured plant cells in a liquid medium containing a thickening agent and a step of redifferentiating the cultured plant cells after the proliferating step.

Abstract: A frequency change measuring device includes frequency divider for frequency dividing a measuring signal to produce frequency-divided signals, first counter for counting the frequency-divided signals to calculate frequency-division numbers, frequency division numbers transmitter for transmitting the frequency division numbers in synchronism with the frequency-divided signals, frequency division numbers receiver for receiving the frequency division numbers transmitted from the frequency division numbers transmitter, second counter for counting outputs of a reference clock generator synchronized with a timekeeping device that keeps the standard time, latch unit for latching a count of frequency outputs of the reference clock generator synchronous for generating reference clocks on the basis of signals synchronous with the frequency division numbers, and operations unit for determining a frequency change on the basis of the count and the frequency division numbers.

Abstract: In a system for optically performing position detection and data communication, a transmitting apparatus has first and second light-emitting elements for position indication and data transmission. An image sensing element in a receiving apparatus senses the light-emitting elements. Position is detected from the sensed image of the first light-emitting elements using triangulation, and data communication is performed by blinking the second light-emitting element. This system is used in a hospital where the use of radio waves is restricted or outerspace where the system is exposed to strong electromagnetic waves.

Abstract: The evacuation and inert gas introduction apparatus capable of quickly switching over between the evacuation state and the inert gas introduction state, is provided for a synthesizing device for molecular asymmetrical catalysts. The evacuation line is connected to a vacuum pump via a cock and solvent trap. The inert gas introduction line is connected to an argon gas cylinder via a cock. The vacuum cavity is provided at a tip end of the housing of the three-way cock, and thus the inside plug is attracted towards the vacuum cavity. The evacuation line is connected to the first port of the three-way cock, the inert gas introduction line is connected to the second port and the each reaction chamber of the synthesizing apparatus is connected to the third port. As the rotation angle of the inside plug is changed, the connection state of the line is switched.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide a solvent distillation apparatus capable of preparing a highly pure anoxic, dehydrated solvent. A distilling flask is connected to a vacuum double-barrel fractionating column by a glass flange. The upper end of the fractionating column is connected to a middle portion of a reflux condenser. The upper end of the reflux condenser is provided with an outlet for a purge gas, and the lower end thereof is connected to a condensate reservoir. The base of the condensate reservoir is connected to the fractionating column near a lower end thereof via a Young cock, and also connected to a collecting flask via a Young cock and a glass flange. An immersion tube is used to blow an inactive gas into a base portion of the condensate reservoir. The fractionating column, the reflux condenser and the condensate reservoir are integrated as one body.

Abstract: A plasma density information measuring method capable of easily measuring the plasma density information over the long term, a probe for measuring the plasma density information, and a plasma density information measuring apparatus are disclosed. A measuring probe is set such that a tip end of a glass tube of the measuring probe is brought into contact with plasma PM to be measured. High-frequency power sent through a coaxial cable is supplied to the plasma PM from a loop antenna through a wall of the tube, and reflection power of the high-frequency power is received by the loop antenna to obtain a counter frequency variation of reflection coefficient of the high-frequency power. In the obtained reflection coefficient, a portion thereof in which the reflection coefficient is largely reduced is a peak at which strong absorption of high-frequency power is caused due to the plasma density. The plasma density can be obtained from the plasma absorption frequency.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing an optically active &bgr;-hydroxy sulfonic acid compound comprising hydrogenating a &bgr;-keto sulfonic acid compound represented by formula 1: where R1 represents an alkyl or a phenyl group, which may be substituted, and R2 represents sodium or an alkyl group, in an acidic solvent, in the presence of an asymmetric catalyst comprising a complex of bivalent Ru, having 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl as a ligand, to produce a compound represented by formula 2: where R1 and R2 are as defined above, and * designates an asymmetric carbon atom.

Abstract: The ablation threshold of a laser fluence with respect to the surface of a sample manufactured in a high vacuum chamber is determined by using the sample. The quantity of vacancy-type defects is determined by radiating a laser beam having a fluence slightly higher than the ablation threshold on the surface. At the same time, the quantities of adatom-type and kink-type defects are determined by radiating a pulsed laser beam having a fluence slightly lower than the ablation threshold on the surface repeatedly to obtain the relation between an emission yield and the number of laser pulses. The quantity of the adatom-type defects is obtained by determining the area (total quantity of emitted atoms) of a rapidly decreasing portion of the relation. The quantity of kink-type defects is obtained by determining a magnitude of an emission yield of a slowly decreasing portion of the relation.

Abstract: A basic sample having a surface is set in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber. Atoms constituting the sample are deposited on the surface of the sample to remove vacancy-type defects. A laser beam having a predetermined wavelength and a predetermined fluence is radiated on the sample to remove adatom-type and kink-type defects, thereby producing a defect-free surface. In addition, the same material as that for a basic sample is deposited on a defect-free surface to produce a defect-free thin film.

Abstract: An optical self-alignment system comprises a laser source, a substrate with a first diffraction grating for receiving laser beams from the laser source, a substrate with a second diffraction grating disposed within Fresnel zone of the first diffraction grating, and a photoelectric detector for detecting Fraunhofer diffraction ray of 0th order by the second diffraction grating. In order to adjust the relative position between the two substrates in orthogonal directions to the laser beams at high accuracy, the first and second diffraction gratings are provided with two groups of combined diffraction gratings so that phase difference of 180.degree. is produced in the Moire signals, maximum displacement point of Moire signal is detected with respect to relative position displacement of the diffraction gratings, and the substrates are positioned at maximum intensity displacement of two groups of the Moire signals.

Abstract: A method of cleaning phosphorus-containing waste water by utilizing microorganisms which are capable of accumulating efficiently organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds in themselves. Such microorganisms are found to belong to the Arthrobacter, Micrococcus, Nocardia, Cellulomonas, Oerskovia, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium and Kurthia genuses.