Abstract: Metal-halogen flow battery cell, stack, system, and method, the stack including flow battery cells that each include an impermeable first electrode, an insert disposed on the first electrode and comprising sloped channels, a cell frame disposed around the insert and including a cell inlet manifold configured to provide a metal halide electrolyte and an opposing cell outlet manifold configured to receive the electrolyte, a porous second electrode disposed on the insert, such that sloped separation zones are formed between the second electrode and the channels, conductive connectors electrically connecting the first and second electrodes, and ribs disposed on the second electrode and extending substantially parallel to the channels of the insert. A depth of the channels increases as proximity to the cell outlet manifold increases.

Abstract: A stabilized electrolyte for a metal-halogen flow battery and flow battery system including the same. The electrolyte includes an aqueous metal halide, an anionic wetting agent, a bromine complexing agent, and bromine.

Abstract: An aqueous electrolyte for a metal-halogen flow battery includes an electrolyte that includes zinc bromide, a chelating agent, and a metal plating enhancer. The metal plating enhancer may include Bi, Pb, Te, Se, and/or Tl, salts thereof, or any combination thereof.

Abstract: A metal-halogen flow battery system includes an electrolyte composition that includes an aqueous solution including a metal halide, a halogen, a metal plating enhancer and at least one of an anti-dendrite agent, and an anti-corrosion agent.

Abstract: A metal-halogen flow battery system includes a stack of flow cells, an electrolyte reservoir and one or more of a concentrated halogen return line fluidly connecting the stack to the reservoir, a venturi, a mixer, a concentrated halogen pump, or a concentrated halogen line heater.

Abstract: A method for operating a plurality of energy storage devices includes controlling operation of the plurality of energy storage devices connected in series by independently varying a current and/or bypassing and/or reversing a polarity of at least one of the plurality of energy storage devices without a corresponding change in current, bypass, or reversal of polarity of one or more of the other energy storage devices connected in series.

Abstract: A flow battery reservoir includes a reservoir housing, an electrolyte inlet configured to provide an electrolyte mixture containing a liquid metal-halide electrolyte solution and a complexed halogen phase at or toward a stagnant zone in a lower portion of the reservoir, and an electrolyte outlet configured to outlet the liquid metal-halide solution from the reservoir. The electrolyte outlet is positioned such that in use the liquid metal-halide solution flows upward against the force of gravity to reach the electrolyte outlet while the complexed halogen phase settles in the stagnant zone.

Abstract: A flow battery and method of operating a flow battery. The flow battery includes a first electrode, a second electrode and a reaction zone located between the first electrode and the second electrode. The flow battery is configured with a first electrolyte flow configuration in charge mode and a second flow configuration in discharge mode. The first electrolyte flow configuration is at least partially different from the second electrolyte flow configuration.

Abstract: A method for operating a plurality of energy storage devices includes controlling operation of the plurality of energy storage devices connected in series by independently varying a current and/or bypassing and/or reversing a polarity of at least one of the plurality of energy storage devices without a corresponding change in current, bypass, or reversal of polarity of one or more of the other energy storage devices connected in series.

Abstract: A metal-halogen flow battery system includes a stack of flow cells, an electrolyte reservoir and one or more of a concentrated halogen return line fluidly connecting the stack to the reservoir, a venturi, a mixer, a concentrated halogen pump, or a concentrated halogen line heater.

Abstract: A metal halogen electrochemical energy cell system that generates an electrical potential. One embodiment of the system includes at least one cell including at least one positive electrode and at least one negative electrode, at least one electrolyte, a mixing venturi that mixes the electrolyte with a halogen reactant, and a circulation pump that conveys the electrolyte mixed with the halogen reactant through the positive electrode and across the metal electrode. Preferably, the positive electrode comprises porous carbonaceous material, the negative electrode comprises zinc, the metal comprises zinc, the halogen comprises halogen, the electrolyte comprises an aqueous zinc-halide electrolyte, and the halogen reactant comprises a halogen reactant. Also, variations of the system and a method of operation for the systems.

Abstract: A metal-halogen flow battery system includes a stack of flow cells, an electrolyte reservoir and one or more of a concentrated halogen return line fluidly connecting the stack to the reservoir, a venturi, a mixer, a concentrated halogen pump, or a concentrated halogen line heater.

Abstract: An electrochemical device includes at least one electrochemical cell having an anode electrode and a cathode electrode, a reservoir configured to store an electrolyte and a mass distribution measuring device. The mass distribution measuring device includes at least one of a scale, a first pressure sensor located in a lower portion of the reservoir and a second pressure sensor located in an upper portion of the reservoir, or at least one strain gauge or load cell configured to measure a change a weight of the at least one electrochemical cell.

Abstract: An electrochemical device includes at least one electrochemical cell having an anode electrode and a cathode electrode, a reservoir configured to store an electrolyte and a mass distribution measuring device. The mass distribution measuring device includes at least one of a scale, a first pressure sensor located in a lower portion of the reservoir and a second pressure sensor located in an upper portion of the reservoir, or at least one strain gauge or load cell configured to measure a change a weight of the at least one electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A metal-halogen flow battery system includes a stack of flow cells, an electrolyte reservoir and one or more of a concentrated halogen return line fluidly connecting the stack to the reservoir, a venturi, a mixer, a concentrated halogen pump, or a concentrated halogen line heater.

Abstract: A flow battery reservoir includes a reservoir housing, an electrolyte inlet configured to provide an electrolyte mixture containing a liquid metal-halide electrolyte solution and a complexed halogen phase at or toward a stagnant zone in a lower portion of the reservoir, and an electrolyte outlet configured to outlet the liquid metal-halide solution from the reservoir. The electrolyte outlet is positioned such that in use the liquid metal-halide solution flows upward against the force of gravity to reach the electrolyte outlet while the complexed halogen phase settles in the stagnant zone.

Abstract: An electrochemical device includes at least one electrochemical cell having an anode electrode and a cathode electrode, a reservoir configured to store an electrolyte and a mass distribution measuring device. The mass distribution measuring device includes at least one of a scale, a first pressure sensor located in a lower portion of the reservoir and a second pressure sensor located in an upper portion of the reservoir, or at least one strain gauge or load cell configured to measure a change a weight of the at least one electrochemical cell.

Abstract: An electrochemical device includes at least one electrochemical cell having an anode electrode and a cathode electrode, a reservoir configured to store an electrolyte and a mass distribution measuring device. The mass distribution measuring device includes at least one of a scale, a first pressure sensor located in a lower portion of the reservoir and a second pressure sensor located in an upper portion of the reservoir, or at least one strain gauge or load cell configured to measure a change a weight of the at least one electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A flow battery includes a stack of flow cells, a stack of cell frames supporting the stack of cells, stack level and cell level flow manifolds located in the stack of cell frames, and at least one sealing or shunt current mitigation feature.