Abstract: An underlayment system is provided that includes a plurality of protrusions that extend from a common base member. The protrusions and base member can include an opening therethrough that allows for subsequent layers of material, such as adhesive, to interact and bond to each other. The protrusions are arranged in such a way to contain a wire, string, or heating element, within a receiving area. The arrangement of the protrusions allow for routing of the wire, string, or heating element in a variety of angles, bends, and other routing layouts.

Abstract: A floor underlayment for positioning and mounting a heating element beneath a finished floor is described. The floor underlayment comprises a plurality of studs extending upwardly from a base layer, where the outer wall of the studs forms an acute angle with the base layer and a smooth inner wall defines a cavity within each stud. Mounting corridors formed by rows or columns of adjacent studs are sized to receive and retain a heating element.

Abstract: A leveling spacer for laying tiles, floor tiles and the like with the interposition of gaps having a base, a threaded stem, a knob, and a slip preventing element for protecting the tiles between which the spacer is arranged. The base includes spacing protrusions in order to define the width of the gaps. The threaded stem is fixed at right angles to the base by interposition of a stem supporting portion that is connected to the base by means of at least one preweakened point. The knob is configured for gripping and removing by breaking the threaded stem, which includes a female thread portion adapted to be screwed to the threaded stem. The slip preventing element is adapted to be arranged substantially coaxially to the knob, for abutment against the knob on the side of the base.

Abstract: An underlayment system is provided that includes a plurality of bosses that emanate from a common base member. The bosses and bases preferably include an opening therethrough that will allow for subsequent layers of adhesive to interact and bond to each other. The bosses are also spaced in such a way to help secure a wire snugly therebetween.

Abstract: A leveling spacer for laying wall tiles, paving tiles and the like with the interposition of gaps, which comprises a base with spacing protrusions for the abutment of the edges of corresponding tiles so as to define the width of the gaps, a threaded stem, which is fixed at right angles to the base in at least one easily breakable point, a knob for clamping and removing the threaded stem, which comprises a female threaded portion adapted to be screwed to the threaded stem.