Abstract: A device for carrying out large-scale chemical reactions includes a microwave generator, a microwave application vessel containing a high-capacity reactor, and a cover, in which the vessel is a cylinder having longitudinal axis X, a microwave inlet in the vessel bottom wall, and an open upper end, in which the generator provides single-mode microwaves along axis X in the vessel, the size of the vessel being made to match the wavelength of the resonant mode of the microwaves along axis X, and in which the cover seals the upper opening of the vessel, and the cover has a conduit that connects the inside of the vessel to the environment so that the vessel is under atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: Latices of monodisperse magnetizable microspheres contain a hydrophobic polymer matrix and magnetizable fillers. The microspheres have a calibrated particle-size distribution and a size of around 0.1-5 micrometers, and the polymer matrix, produced by a dispersion polymerization method, includes polymer chains derived from at least one vinyl monomer. The latices are useful in biology, in particular, for diagnostic and affinity chromatography methods.

Abstract: A sealing system for sealing one or more flasks (10) with a longitudinal X-X' axis, open at a first end thereof (11) for introducing a sample and positioned inside microwave apllication cavity (100) for heating the sample is described. The system of the invention comprises a cap (20) to be partially inserted in the flaask along the X-X' axis so as to close the open end thereof and retaining meaans (30) for holding the cap in a flask sealing position, wherein the portion (22) of said cap which is inserted in the flask has a peripheral skirt (23) capable of sealingly engaging the inner wall (12) of the flask under an excess pressure created therein by heating the sample with microwaves.

Abstract: The invention relates to a glycosylated particle of latex or of inorganic oxide, exhibiting functional radicals at the surface. At least a proportion of said functional radicals is joined to a glycosyl residue.The particles preferably consist either of polymers obtained by polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers or of silica.The invention finds an application as a detection agent in biology.

Abstract: The invention relates to a latex microsphere consisting of polymers obtained by polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, having functional groups at the surface, and remarkable in that biotinyl residues are grafted onto at least part of the said groups, via a divalent chain.It also relates to the avidin- or streptavidin-biotin complex obtained with the aid of the said microsphere and to the use of the microsphere or of the complex as agent for diagnosis, for biological assay or for immunological assay.

Abstract: A fluorescent latex with particles containing at least one encapsulated hydrophobic fluorochrome A (acceptor) and at least one encapsulated hydrophobic fluorochrome D (donor), wherein A is different from D and exposure to light radiation enables the emission from fluorochrome D to excite fluorochrome A, and a method for producing said latex and its use as a marker, particularly a biological marker, are also disclosed.

Abstract: Fluorescent latices, well suited for a wide variety of analytical techniques, comprise polymer particles having at least one hydrophobic fluorochrome encapsulated therein, notably at least one condensed polyaromatic compound or derivative thereof, or a tetraphenylporphine and/or organometallic complex thereof, and have a detection threshold for fluorescence which is less than or equal to 10.sup.-12 mol of particles per liter of latex.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for simultaneous treatment in a wet medium of four samples contained in four flasks placed in a microwave application cavity, four microwave deflectors being placed inside the application cavity. According to the invention, each deflector is formed by a cylindrical surface that surrounds a fraction of the outside surface of the flask, which fraction lies in the range one-fourth to one-half and the deflectors are symmetrically disposed in pairs about the axis X of the application cavity, and they are disposed for the most part on opposite sides of planes containing the axis X and the two axes of the corresponding flasks, the concave sides of the four deflectors facing in alternating directions.

Abstract: A sample is heated by microwaves, and the temperature of the sample is measured by a radiation pyrometer arranged to receive radiation directly from the sample. The sample is disposed in a chamber having an orifice dimensioned to block the passage of microwaves, and admit the passage of radiation. The chamber has an upper wall in which one or more openings are formed for receiving a sample-containing receptacle.

Abstract: A microwave oven, in particular for rapid heating to high temperature, is disclosed. A cylindrical metal housing is open at one end and has a cylindrical side wall, into which a waveguide opens, the waveguide being coupled to a microwave generator. A first outer layer of a thermally insulative, microwave-transparent material and a second inner layer thereof are provided in a coaxial configuration. A metal sleeve provided with plural coupling slots is interposed between the outer and inner layers. A muff of a microwave-absorbing material is received within a central opening of the inner layer and constitutes a heating enclosure. A metal plate fitted with an access door is provided for closing the open end of the housing. An infrared pyrometer or a thermocouple may be provided for measuring temperatures in the heating enclosure. The heating enclosure may have a vent for evacuating fumes and an orifice for injecting gases.

Abstract: A device is mountable to the opening of a receptacle in which fumes are generated. The device includes a condensation chamber into which the fumes rise and are condensed. The condensed liquid flows back into the receptacle. A tube passing through the condensation chamber and is connectable to a source of suction which causes purging air to be circulated through the receptacle by drawing purging air into the receptacle through the condensation chamber and discharging the air through the tube.

Abstract: A chemical reaction is carried out by the wet method on a succession of samples. The chemical reaction is carried out within a reaction chamber which is connected to a fluid-conducting circuit. The reaction chamber is positioned within a microwave cavity. A predetermined quantity of sample is fed into the circuit upstream of the reaction chamber. At least one reactant is introduced into the circuit upstream of the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber, with the sample and reactant disposed therein, is heated by the application of microwaves for a predetermined time. The product of the reaction is recovered. The circuit is then rinsed with a rinsing liquid, and the steps are repeated on the remaining samples.

Abstract: A plurality of samples in a moist medium are treated simultaneously in a microwave cavity. The samples are conducted into the cavity through apertures formed in an upper wall of the cavity. Each aperture is surrounded by a chimney configured to create a barrier opposing the propagation of microwaves from the cavity. The samples are introduced into receptacles which extend through the chimneys. Each receptacle can be supported on the chimney a lower end of the receptacle disposed within the cavity. Alternatively, the receptacles can be in the form of continuous tubes extending through upper and lower walls of the cavity in order to convey continuous flows of the sample.

Abstract: A dissolution cell for determining the kinetics of dissolution of a solid substance in a particular liquid, includes (a) a housing receptacle having a closed bottom end and an open top end, an interior of such receptacle defining (i) a lowermost upwardly diverging conical zone provided with liquid inlet means extending from a tip of the conical zone through the bottom end of the receptacle, (ii) a first essentially cylindrical zone surmounting the conical zone and (iii) a second essentially cylindrical zone surmounting the first essentially cylindrical zone, having a cross-sectional diameter greater than that of the first essentially cylindrical zone and being in communicating relationship therewith, such conical zone (i) and such first essentially cylindrical zone (ii) defining a chamber for the dissolution of a solid substance in a liquid solvent, (b) a closure leak-proofedly secured to the open end of the receptacle and provided with a solute outlet means, and (c) filtration means secured between such clos

Abstract: The invention relates to the technical field of chemical reaction.The apparatus of chemical reaction by wet process according to the invention is characterized in that the stack is at least partly constituted by a perforated envelope forming a barrier against the propagation of microwaves.The invention finds an application in mineralization.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for the mineralization of compounds which includes a micro-wave heating chamber which receives the sample containing portion of a sample container and has a stack which surrounds the upper portion of the sample container which extends out of the micro-wave heating chamber. The apparatus further includes a transporting system which supplies the sample containers to the micro-wave heating chamber in individual, automatic and random succession.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for the chemical reaction of compounds, wherein said apparatus comprises: sample container means having an enlarged sample containing portion at a lower end thereof and an upwardly extending neck portion, a housing defining a microwave heating chamber having an upper wall and defining in said upper wall an opening and a stack bordering said opening and rising to a height forming an absorption barrier to micro-waves. The invention is more particularly applicable to a reaction of mineralization.

Abstract: For a fluid chromatography apparatus including a precolumn and an analytical column, a device is provided with means for operably connecting said precolumn and column, said connecting means comprising a body member provided with support surfaces for a column inlet and a precolumn outlet, and said body member including a plurality of passages adapted to independently functionally interconnect said precolumn outlet and said column inlet with each other, and individually independently with fluid inlet and/or outlet means, either internally or externally.

Abstract: An improved device/apparatus for sweeping and injecting a sample and at least one standard into the separation column of a fluid-phase chromatograph, including (i) means for securing same to the inlet of such separation column, (ii) a supply inlet for a stream of carrier medium and means for directing said stream to said separation column, (iii) dividing means in said device for dividing said stream into primary and secondary streams, (iv) distributing means for directing said primary stream to said separation column and distributing said primary stream over the inlet area of said column, (v) means for directing said secondary stream axially into said separation column inlet, and (vi) means for introducing a sample into said secondary stream, the improvement which comprises (vii) means for introducing at least one standard also into said secondary stream.

Abstract: A sample is heated by microwaves, and the temperature of the sample is measured by a radiation pyrometer arranged to receive radiation directly from the sample. The sample is disposed in a chamber having an orifice dimensioned to block the passage of microwaves, and admit the passage of radiation. The chamber has an upper wall in which one or more openings are formed for receiving a sample-containing receptacle.