Abstract: A forward osmosis system is provided. The system includes forward osmosis container having a semipermeable membrane dividing the forward osmosis chamber into a first chamber and a second chamber, a draw solution water removal unit including a quantity of draw solution solvent and water, wherein the draw solution solvent includes a nonaqueous liquid and a condenser configured to receive either water vapor or draw solution solvent vapor from the draw solution water removal unit and provide condensed draw solution solvent to the second chamber. The second chamber provides a water diluted draw solution solvent to the draw solution water removal unit. The first chamber takes in received water including a dissolved solute at an input mass per unit of volume and provides a fluid output having an output mass per unit of volume greater than the input mass per unit of volume.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating volatile organic compounds produced during a fermentation process is provided. The apparatus includes a ClO2 generator exhausting a ClO2 gas stream, a batch tank fluidly connected to the ClO2 generator outlet and receiving the ClO2 gas stream from the ClO2 generator outlet, the batch tank comprising an inlet for introducing a water stream and an outlet for exhausting an aqueous ClO2 solution from the batch tank, the aqueous ClO2 solution having a concentration of about 3000 mg/L, and a yeast product fermentation vessel configured to receive yeast product and the aqueous ClO2 solution from the batch tank and to ferment the yeast product and the aqueous ClO2 solution. Fermenting the quantity of yeast product and aqueous ClO2 solution reduces concentration of volatile organic compounds produced.

Abstract: A method of reducing toxins in stored crops comprises producing a stream of aqueous or gas ClO2 and exposing the stored crops to the ClO2 wherein the ClO2 kills toxin-producing microorganisms and/or reacts with toxins to reduce the toxins in said stored crops. An apparatus for reducing toxins in stored crops comprises a treatment area for containing the stored crops and a ClO2 generator comprising an inlet for introducing at least one chlorine-containing feed chemical and an outlet for exhausting a stream of aqueous or gas ClO2 from the generator into the treatment area wherein introducing the ClO2 kills toxin-producing microorganisms and/or reacts with toxin molecules to reduce the toxins in the stored crops.

Abstract: A chlorine dioxide generator is provided. The generator includes a controller, a pump electrically connected to the controller and configured to pump reactant feedstock, a power supply electrically connected to the controller, and an electrochemical cell electrically connected to the power supply and configured to receive reactant feedstock from the pump and produce chlorine dioxide. The controller is configured to receive user chlorine dioxide concentration input data and provide control signals to at least one of the pump and power supply to variably control a concentration of chlorine dioxide provided by the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A method of reducing toxins in stored crops comprises producing a stream of aqueous or gas ClO2 and exposing the stored crops to the ClO2 wherein the ClO2 kills toxin-producing microorganisms and/or reacts with toxins to reduce the toxins in said stored crops. An apparatus for reducing toxins in stored crops comprises a treatment area for containing the stored crops and a ClO2 generator comprising an inlet for introducing at least one chlorine-containing feed chemical and an outlet for exhausting a stream of aqueous or gas ClO2 from the generator into the treatment area wherein introducing the ClO2 kills toxin-producing microorganisms and/or reacts with toxin molecules to reduce the toxins in the stored crops.

Abstract: A high capacity chlorine dioxide gas generator includes an anolyte loop for generating chlorine dioxide gas and a cooling system connected to said anolyte loop. A chlorine dioxide solution generator includes a chlorine dioxide gas source, an absorption loop fluidly connected to the chlorine dioxide gas source for effecting the dissolution of chlorine dioxide into a liquid stream, and a cooling system that functions in the chlorine dioxide gas source or the absorption loop. A method of generating chlorine dioxide solution includes providing a chlorine dioxide gas source, dissolving chlorine dioxide into a liquid stream using an absorption loop fluidly connected to the chlorine dioxide gas source, and cooling the chlorine dioxide in at least one of the chlorine dioxide gas source and the absorption loop.

Abstract: A chlorine dioxide solution generator includes a chlorine dioxide gas source. An eductor system is fluidly connected to the chlorine dioxide gas source for at least partially effecting the dissolution of chlorine dioxide gas into an aqueous liquid stream. An absorption system is fluidly connected to the eductor system that is capable of effecting additional dissolution of the chlorine dioxide gas into said aqueous liquid.

Abstract: A chlorine dioxide solution generator includes a chlorine dioxide gas source and an absorption loop for effecting the dissolution of chlorine dioxide into a liquid stream. A gas transfer assembly is interposed between the chlorine dioxide gas source and the absorption loop. The gas transfer assembly includes a gas transfer pump and an exhaust manifold assembly. The exhaust manifold assembly includes a manifold conduit defining an interior volume for directing the pressurized chlorine dioxide gas stream from the pump outlet to the absorption loop. The manifold conduit interior volume is sufficiently large to inhibit chlorine dioxide decomposition in the pressurized chlorine dioxide gas stream by induce a pressurized chlorine dioxide gas stream temperature within the manifold conduit of less than about 163° F. (73° C.).

Abstract: A chlorine dioxide solution generator, which injects a chlorine dioxide solution into a pressurized fluid system, including an absorption loop for effecting the dissolution of chlorine dioxide into a liquid stream. The chlorine dioxide gas source can include an anolyte loop and a catholyte loop. The generator avoids or eliminates the introduction of air or other gases that can cause corrosion in the process distribution system.