Abstract: The optical device can comprise a substrate having a first face opposite a second face, a thickness between the first face and the second face, the first face and the second face being planar, the first face being parallel the second face, the substrate being transparent to an electromagnetic radiation in a given spectrum; a planar polarization-dichroic focusing lens covering the first face, the lens having a first focusing power for a first polarization of the electromagnetic radiation and a second focusing power for a second polarization of the electromagnetic radiation, the second focusing power being different from the first focusing power; and a planar polarization-dichroic mirror covering the second face, the mirror being reflective to the first polarization and transparent to the second polarization.

Abstract: A method of measuring a distance to a satellite, which is performed by an electronic device, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the method comprises receiving a linearly polarized photon from and angular momentum per unit mass of the satellite the satellite; measuring an amount of rotation of the polarized photon, the rotation being induced by a space-time warpage due to gravity; and calculating a distance to the satellite by using the rotation amount of the polarized photon and the angular momentum per unit mass of the satellite. The distance to the satellite may be calculated by the following equation, sin ? ? ? ( r ) ? - l obs rr s ? 1 - r s r , wherein ‘2?’ is the rotation amount of polarized photon, ‘lobs’ is the angular momentum per unit mass of the satellite, ‘r’ is the distance to the satellite, and ‘rs’ is the Schwarzschild radius of the Earth.

Abstract: An authentication method comprising creating electrocardiogram data of users; calculating a similarity between electrocardiogram data of each user and template data created by averaging electrocardiogram data of each user; creating and training a first NNmodel for every user by using similarities between electrocardiogram data of a user and template data of the same user and similarities between electrocardiogram data of a user and template data of another user, and creating and training second NNmodels for users by using similarities between electrocardiogram data of a user and template data of the user and similarities between electrocardiogram data of the user and template data of another user; and executing a first step in which the similarities calculated using electrocardiogram data for authentication of a user to be authenticated and template data are input to the first NNmodel, and executing a second step in which the similarities are input to the second NNmodels.

Abstract: A method of correcting gravity-induced error in quantum cryptography system, which is capable of improving accuracy when an optical cable is not installed and photons are transmitted through an artificial satellite, is disclosed. The method performed by an electronic device, comprises receiving a distance (r) to a satellite that receives polarized photon from a sender and transmits the polarized photon to a receiver, receiving an angular momentum per unit mass of the satellite (lobs), and calculating a rotation amount of the polarized photon, which is induced by a warp of space due to gravity by using the distance to the satellite and the angular momentum per unit mass of the satellite (lobs). The rotation 2? of the polarized photon is calculated by the following equation, sin ? ? ? ? ( r ) ? - l obs rr s ? 1 - r s r , wherein ‘rs’ is the Schwarzschild radius of the Earth.

Abstract: An information processing system is provided to reduce labor of medical staff in determining heart failure stage. The information processing system is configured to execute: a reading step of reading out an input first electrocardiogram including an electrocardiogram of a user; and a determination step of determining a heart failure stage of the user based on the first electrocardiogram and reference information, wherein the reference information is information showing a relationship between the second electrocardiogram, including the electrocardiogram obtained beforehand, in which the heart failure stage has been determined by the physician, and a feature quantity of the heart failure, wherein: the reference information is a learned model in which the feature quantity of the heart failure is learned from the second electrocardiogram, and the learned model is a model that learned a content determined in the determination step and corresponding clinical data.

Abstract: Provided is a power supply circuit that supplies electric power to a biological signal measurement circuit configured to detect, with an electrode set in contact with a human body, a biological signal which is a weak electric signal emitted by the human body. The power supply circuit includes a capacitance element accumulating the electric power, and a circuit switch coupled between the capacitance element and an external power supply for supplying electric power to the capacitance element, and configured to switch, not through a state where the external power supply and the biological signal measurement circuit are electrically coupled, a first state where the capacitance element establishes electrical continuity with the external power supply and is enabled to be charged, and a second state where the capacitance element establishes electrical continuity with the biological signal measurement circuit and is enabled to supply power to the biological signal measurement circuit.

Abstract: A laser comprises a first end mirror and a second end mirror defining an optical cavity therebetween, a first gain medium and a second gain medium positioned in the optical cavity, at least one radiation source configured to provide pump radiation to the first and second gain media, wherein the pump radiation comprises a first pump beam directed to be incident on the first gain medium and a second pump beam directed to be incident on the second gain medium so as to stimulate emission of radiation from the first and second gain media thereby establishing a laser beam in the optical cavity and a control apparatus operable to adjust a property of at least one of the first and second pump beams and thereby control a thermal lens of at least one of the first and second gain media so as to substantially remove an instability zone from the power curve of the laser.

Abstract: A laser system comprising a laser configured to emit a laser beam wherein the laser beam is linearly polarized in a polarization plane and an optical assembly comprising a partial reflector having a refractive index and comprising a partially reflective surface. The partially reflective surface is arranged to receive the laser beam at an angle of incidence which lies in a plane of incidence and reflect a portion of the laser beam such that the reflected portion is output from the optical assembly. The partially reflective surface is arranged such that the plane of incidence forms a polarization angle with the polarization plane of the laser beam and the laser beam includes a p-polarized component and an s-polarized component.

Abstract: A laser system comprising a laser configured to generate a laser beam, a power supply arranged to provide a drive power to the laser, a photodetector arranged to detect the power of the laser beam and provide a detection signal from the power of the laser beam and a feedback loop arranged to form a feedback signal by subtracting a target signal from the detection signal wherein the feedback signal has a high bandwidth, amplify the feedback signal and adjust the drive power according to the amplified feedback signal, thereby reducing noise in the laser beam.

Abstract: A method for reducing the number of error events in a transmitted data stream (34) comprises the steps of (i) generating at least a first most probable sequence (16(1)) and a second most probable sequence (16(2)) with a detection algorithm (12); (ii) determining if a first correctable error occurred in the first most probable sequence (16(1)) with an EDC decoder (14); and (iii) determining if a second correctable error occurred in the second most probable sequence (16(2)) with the EDC decoder (14). Additionally, the steps of determining if a first correctable error occurred and determining if a second correctable error occurred can be performed substantially simultaneously. The method can further comprise computing a plurality of path metrics (42) for the transmitted data stream (34); and selecting a first q smallest path metrics out of the first and second most probable sequences (16(1)), (16(2)) with a Q value selector (44).

Abstract: An optical fiber laser or amplifier comprising an optical fiber and a pump radiation source configured to generate pump radiation which is received through an input end of the optical fiber. The optical fiber may include a doped core which is configured to guide the pump radiation and to generate or amplify and guide signal radiation when pump radiation passes through it. The optical fiber laser or amplifier may include a first reflector configured to reflect pump radiation and further comprises a second reflector configured to selectively reflect a portion of pump radiation. The selection of the portion of pump radiation to be reflected by the second reflector depends upon one or more of: the spatial position of the pump radiation, the direction of the pump radiation, and the polarization of the pump radiation.

Abstract: An optical fibre laser or amplifier comprising an optical fibre and a pump radiation source configured to generate pump radiation which is received through an input end of the optical fibre. The optical fibre may include a doped core which is configured to guide the pump radiation and to generate or amplify and guide signal radiation when pump radiation passes through it. The optical fibre laser or amplifier may include a first reflector configured to reflect pump radiation and further comprises a second reflector configured to selectively reflect a portion of pump radiation. The selection of the portion of pump radiation to be reflected by the second reflector depends upon one or more of: the spatial position of the pump radiation, the direction of the pump radiation, and the polarisation of the pump radiation.

Abstract: A device and method for producing clinically useful hardcopy or archived records from a real-time imaging system includes a controller which monitors variable settings on the system effecting display monitor images. The controller then compensates the signal sent to the hardcopy recorder or archiving device via gamma curve or Look Up Table (LUT) application and/or directly through recorder brightness and contrast controls.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing an inflatable balloon catheter having an inflatable catheter tip attached to a double lumen catheter shaft to form a smooth, continuous outer surface at the outer juncture of the tip and shaft. The tip is molded and comprises a hollow, thin-walled, cylindrical balloon section that has at least one open end. Mating die members are provided to define a cylindrical mold cavity having inside diameter substantially equal to the inside diameter of the balloon section. The catheter shaft is extruded to have initial outside diameter substantially equal to the outside diameter of the balloon section and, while in a partially cured state, a leading portion of the extruded shaft is stretched to locally reduce its outside diameter. The stretched portion is clamped between the die members in the mold cavity to form a shoulder at a transition between this leading portion and the remainder of the shaft. The entire shaft is then cured.