Abstract: Methods of generating a camera model are provided. A robotic assembly is used to move a calibration assembly relative to a camera assembly through a series of poses. The calibration assembly comprises a calibration target and markers. The camera assembly comprises a mount, a camera having a field of view, and markers. The predetermined series of poses, together, cause the calibration target to pass through the field of view of the camera. The camera is used to generate a respective image of the calibration target. A tracker is used, to determine respective locations in space of the markers. A transformation function is generated that maps onto a three-dimensional space the stored coordinates and determined locations in space of the markers and features of the calibration target. The transformation functions are used to generate a model of parameters of the camera. Systems are also provided.

Abstract: A wavefront sensor for measuring a wavefront that includes an aperture mask configured to receive incident light, the aperture mask comprising a plurality of apertures irregularly spaced and arranged in a plurality of sub-windows that respectively transmit sub-beams of the incident light. A diffuser can receive the sub-beams transmitted by the plurality of apertures. A controller of the sensor is configured to identify measured sub-beams by convolving the sub-beams imaged on the diffuser with a map of the plurality of apertures; and measure the wavefront of the incident light based on changes in position of the sub-beams in a digital image of the diffuser relative to both reference positions and neighboring sub-beams.

Abstract: Wavefront sensors are provided herein. An aperture mask is configured to receive incident light the wavefront of which is to be measured and comprising irregularly spaced apertures that respectively transmit sub-beams of the incident light. A diffuser is configured to receive the sub-beams transmitted by irregularly spaced apertures of the aperture mask. A camera, having a focal plane in which the diffuser substantially is located, is configured to obtain a digital image of the diffuser and thus to obtain a digital image of the incident light the sub-beams of which the aperture mask transmits onto the diffuser. A controller is configured to electronically receive the digital image of the diffuser and to measure the wavefront of the incident light based on the digital image. Methods also are provided.

Abstract: Wavefront sensors are provided herein. An aperture mask is configured to receive incident light the wavefront of which is to be measured and comprising irregularly spaced apertures that respectively transmit sub-beams of the incident light. A diffuser is configured to receive the sub-beams transmitted by irregularly spaced apertures of the aperture mask. A camera, having a focal plane in which the diffuser substantially is located, is configured to obtain a digital image of the diffuser and thus to obtain a digital image of the incident light the sub-beams of which the aperture mask transmits onto the diffuser. A controller is configured to electronically receive the digital image of the diffuser and to measure the wavefront of the incident light based on the digital image. Methods also are provided.

Abstract: A system including an instrument having a working tool configured to penetrate a tissue; a sensor configured to generate in real-time one or more torque signals related to torque of the working tool; a controller in operative communication with the sensor and configured to receive the one or more torque signals. The controller processes the torque signals into one or more processed signals representative of torque, energy, power or a combination thereof. The system also includes a display providing to the user in real-time the one or more processed signals. Related devices, systems, methods, and articles are provided.

Abstract: Methods of generating a camera model are provided. A robotic assembly is used to move a calibration assembly relative to a camera assembly through a series of poses. The calibration assembly comprises a calibration target and markers. The camera assembly comprises a mount, a camera having a field of view, and markers. The predetermined series of poses, together, cause the calibration target to pass through the field of view of the camera. The camera is used to generate a respective image of the calibration target. A tracker is used, to determine respective locations in space of the markers. A transformation function is generated that maps onto a three-dimensional space the stored coordinates and determined locations in space of the markers and features of the calibration target. The transformation functions are used to generate a model of parameters of the camera. Systems are also provided.

Abstract: Optical scanning devices and systems are disclosed. In one aspect, an optical scanning device comprises a first rotatable optical component and a second rotatable optical component. The first and second optical components are configured to rotate about a common optical axis and further configured to deflect an optical path of light transmitted or received through the optical scanning device. The device further comprises a mounting bracket positioned between the first and second optical components and comprises first and second motor assemblies configured to rotate the corresponding first and second optical components about the optical axis independently of each other. An inner portion of each of the first and second optical components is mounted to an outer portion of the corresponding first and second motor assemblies such that the optical axis is configured to extend through the center of the first and second optical components and tubes.