Abstract: The disclosed tools include are tools to efficiently protect privacy for end users and others on the Internet when communicating with others. Specifically, tools disclosed include tools to enable an end user's device to communicate via email with others such as relying-parties such as merchants without revealing her information to the relying-party such as her email address, name or any other information she desires to keep confidential while still being able to have commercially useful transactions with the relying parties and others.