Abstract: A method and composition are shown for capping exposed land areas, such as landfills, toxic waste sites, and mineral waste sites areas. A formulation is prepared by making a hydrated solution of a particular sodium Bentonite clay and mixing the solution with a specific proportion of sand material. The mixture is distributed over a prepared subgrade by means of a slurry pumping technique. A multilayer cap is created by overlaying additional layers having different clay formulations. The clay mixtures are optimized to be effective water and oxygen barriers while eliminating the problem of desiccation cracking. An anisotropic barrier is achieved as a result of interlayer hydraulic conductivity differences. This barrier together with the establishment of a 1-6% slope of the layer interface encourages lateral movement of water while inhibiting its downward penetration. The overall hydraulic conductivity of the composite cap is extremely low.

Abstract: An improved process and apparatus for continuously treating sewage wastewater by chemical oxidation of the contaminates and characterized by a high degree of oxygen absorption and utilization. An enclosed vessel continuously receives liquid wastewater at one end thereof to define a liquid level and the treated sewage is continuously removed from the other end to maintain the liquid level. Oxygen gas in the form of a mixture of O.sub.2 and O.sub.3 is introduced under pressure into the vessel, while pressurizing the vessel and creating an oxygen-rich atmosphere in an upper portion of the vessel, to chemically treat the wastewater through absorption of the oxygen by the wastewater.

Abstract: A process for detinning molten iron involves bubbling gaseous chlorine through the molten iron bath, which contains dissolved tin among other elements (e.g. manganese). As chlorides of tin, iron and these other elements are leaving the metal bath in vapor form, and subsequently after condensation, these chlorides are oxidized by injection of oxygen into the space above the molten bath and into the gas duct and heat exchanger, thereby converting the chlorides into their respective oxides and liberating the chlorine as a gas for recycling. Because of this chlorine recycling, net chlorine requirements of the present process are very much less than the net chlorine requirements in a detinning process that involves simply chlorine treatment of molten iron.