Abstract: Methods of protecting a submerged surface from biofouling animal organisms include applying a first biologically active inner polymer layer on a surface, impregnated with at least one first biologically active agent that kills a juvenile stage of a biofouling animal organism. A second biologically active outer polymer layer is applied on the first biologically active inner polymer layer, impregnated with at least one second biologically active agent that inhibits a larval stage of the biofouling animal organism from attaching to the second biologically active outer polymer layer. The second biologically active outer polymer layer includes a friction-reducing additive selected from the group consisting of silicone powder, PTFE powder, molybdenum disulfide powder, graphene nano-platelets, graphene oxide, and fluorinated graphene powder.

Abstract: Multi-layer anti-fouling coatings and methods of forming the same include a first biocidal layer formed on a surface. The first biocidal layer includes at least one biocidal biocide that kills a biofouling organism on contact with the first biocidal layer. A first biostatic layer is formed between the first biocidal layer and an external environment. The first biostatic layer includes at least one biostatic biocide that inhibits a biofouling organism from attaching to the first biostatic layer.

Abstract: Multi-layer anti-fouling coatings include a first biocidal layer formed on a surface. The first biocidal layer includes at least one biocidal biocide that kills a biofouling organism on contact with the first biocidal layer. A first biostatic layer is formed between the first biocidal layer and an external environment. The first biostatic layer includes at least one biostatic biocide that inhibits a biofouling organism from attaching to the first biostatic layer.