Abstract: The present application relates to processes for producing linear polyvinylpyridines without the use of hazardous solvents, and in a manner that allows control over the rate of heat generated by the reaction and the temperature of the reactor vessel. The processes involve the use of an initiator to initiate polymerization of vinylpyridine monomers in water. Processes of the invention provide good reaction rates and conversions, and are particularly advantageous in achieving control of the molecular weights of the final product polymers.

Abstract: Methods are provided for improving production of 3,5-diethyl-1,2-dihydro-1-phenyl-2-propylpyridine (DHP). In one illustrative embodiment, the methods involve controlling the rate of reaction and temperature of the reaction during formation of DHP. In another illustrative embodiment, the methods involve neutralizing the acid catalyst subsequent to DHP formation.

Abstract: Processes for preparing a 4-(secondary or tertiary)aminopyridine are provided. The processes comprise reacting a 4-substituted pyridine base having a leaving group as the 4-substituent, with an activating agent so as to form a corresponding 1,4-substituted pyridine; reacting the 1,4-substituted pyridine with a primary or secondary amine to substitute an amino group at the 4-position, and thereby form a corresponding 1-substituted-4-(secondary or tertiary) aminopyridine, wherein the reacting is conducted in a substitution reaction medium essentially free from strong base; and treating the 1-substituted-4-aminopyridine compound to remove the 1-substituent and thereby form a product medium including the 4-(secondary or tertiary) amino-pyridine.

Abstract: Described are preferred processes for producing extrusion-granulated supernucleophilic 4-amino-substituted pyridine catalysts, and granular products obtainable thereform. Also described are preferred activation-substitution-deactivation processes for producing 4-aminopyridine compounds, which involve the use of acrylic acid or acrylamide or analogs thereof for activation, and substitution steps conducted under mild basic conditions in an excess of the amine reagent for 4-substitution. Such processes provide improved reacted masses which are more readily processed to recover the products in pure, heat-stable form. Further, described are processes for preparing 4-substituted-pyridines via pyridine betaines.

Abstract: Described are preferred processes for preparing alkenyl-substituted nitrogenous heterocycles such as vinylpyridines, which comprise reacting a corresponding methyl-substituted heterocycle with a C1 compound such as formadehyde in the vapor phase over a zeolite catalyst having acidic and basic catalytic sites. The preferred zeolite is a medium-pore zeolite, for example having a constraint index of about 0.5 to about 12. Processes of the invention can be conducted as facile, one-step syntheses utilizing relatively low ratios of alkyl-substituted starting heterocycle (e.g. &agr;-picoline or &ggr;-picoline) to formaldehyde while nonetheless achieving high selectivities and yields of the corresponding alkenyl compound.

Abstract: Described are non-swelling, crosslinked, bead forms of ampholytic base polymers that can be utilized in the chromatographic-type separation of acids from other compounds. Preferred polymers are prepared by modifying a poly-2 or poly-4-vinylpyridine resin crosslinked with divinylbenzene.

Abstract: Described are processes for producing citrate esters in, an economic fashion. Esters are prepared by esterification of a citric acid-containing fermentation broth having been treated to remove cations and optionally other impurities, but containing sugar(s). Esters are also prepared by reacting an impure aqueous citric acid source with an alcohol to provide a heterogeneous aqueous/organic reacted mixture, wherein the organic phase contains the ester and the aqueous phase retains water-soluble impurities. A liquid phase separation is then used to separate the organic and aqueous phases, conveniently separating the impurities from the product and avoiding the energy-intensive distillation of water from the reaction medium.

Abstract: Described are preferred processes separating desired chemical products from impurities in solution utilizing thermally-managed chromatography over solid adsorbents. The preferred processes involve chromatographic principles which are assisted by varying the temperature of operation in separation and elution phases. Also described are processes for treating aqueous acids to dewater and recover the acids in an organic solvent such as an alcohol.

Abstract: Described are preferred processes for preparing quaternary amine polymers of good color, comprising preparing a free base amine polymer by polymerizing a free base amine monomer in the presence of a water-soluble azo initiator, and subjecting the resultant polymer to quaternization conditions. Also described are unique, water-soluble quaternary amine polymers obtainable by such processes, and dye complexing polymer blends useful in the manufacture of detergents.

Abstract: Described are processes for producing 2-chloropyridine by reacting pyridine with molecular chlorine in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalyst which includes an organic compound which generates free radicals under the conditions of the reaction.

Abstract: A process of preparing 4-substituted pyridine compounds via pyridine betaine compounds.

Abstract: Described are preferred processes for preparing heterocycles having one or more nitrogen and/or oxygen heteroatoms, utilizing a 1,3-dihalopropene as an effective 3-carbon fragment. Preferred processes yield pyridines, quinolines, oxazoles, pyrimidines and pyrazoles, depending upon the other reactant or reactants utilized with the 1,3-dihalopropene.

Abstract: Described are preferred processes for producing 2-piperidineethanol compounds by hydrogenation of corresponding 2-pyridineethanol compounds. The preferred processes are conducted in the presence of an amine other than said reactant or product, and a hydrogenation catalyst preferably comprising a noble metal catalyst such as ruthenium or palladium or oxides thereof loaded to a high level in the system. The catalyst is preferably provided on a heterogeneous support, and most preferred processes are conducted using both controlled temperature conditions and high levels of catalyst to minimize the formation of deleterious byproducts.

Abstract: Described is a preferred method for manufacturing a coal tar enamel-coated steel pipe, in which a primer coat of epoxy resin is applied to a preheated steel pipe, and coal tar enamel is applied to the primer coat prior to full curing of the latter. The resulting coated steel pipes, which also are described, exhibit excellent resistance to cathodic disbondment, heat and water.

Abstract: Described are preferred processes for preparing 3,5-dichloropyridines by dechlorinating higher-chlorinated pyridine compounds such as 2,3,5,6-tetrachloropyridine in an acidic medium in the presence of zinc and optionally a quaternary ammonium catalyst.

Abstract: Described are preferred processes separating desired chemical products from impurities in solution utilizing thermally-managed chromatography over solid adsorbents. The preferred processes involve chromatographic principles which are assisted by varying the temperature of operation in separation and elution phases. Also described are processes for treating aqueous acids to dewater and recover the acids in an organic solvent such as an alcohol.

Abstract: Described are preferred processes for recovering citric acid from a medium in which it is contained. The citric acid is recovered both effectively and in a form which is readily purifiable. In one preferred process, the citric acid-containing medium is contacted with a solid-phase free base resin having tertiary amine groups to adsorb the citric acid. The citric acid is then desorbed by displacement with a stronger acid, and a citric acid-containing fraction is collected substantially free from contamination by the stronger acid. In another preferred process, a citric acid-containing medium is contacted with a solid-phase divinylbenzene-crosslinked polymer having pyridine or aliphatic tertiary amine functions to adsorb citric acid, the contacting being at a temperature below about 40.degree. C. Adsorbed citric acid is then desorbed with hot H.sub.2 O at a temperature of at least about 75.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for the production of 3-cyanopyridine by ammoxidation of 2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine to form 3-cyanopyridine, optionally carried out as an oxidative ammonolysis process.

Abstract: Described are preferred processes and apparatuses for thermally desorbing desired chemical products from resins to which they are adsorbed. The processes and apparatuses provide highly efficient use of applied heat throughout resin preheat, desorption and cooling phases.

Abstract: Described are preferred processes for dechlorinating chlorinated pyridine compounds in the presence of zinc, an alkaline reagent and a phase transfer catalyst. Particularly preferred processes provide advantageous synthetic routes to 2,3,5-trichloropyridine starting with 2,3,5,6-tetrachloropyridine.