Abstract: Vertical axis wind turbines are provided having foil design and geometry that facilitates lift, torque and laminar flow along a 360 degree radial. Contemplated foils are non-planar, and have a chord length that is at least three times greater than a distance between a trailing end of a leading foil, and a leading end of a trailing foil. Additionally or alternatively, the foils are located away from a turbine axis at a distance that is about 2.9-3.5 times greater than a chord length of the foils. In some embodiments, the foils are circumferentially distributed via one or more laminar stall vanes.

Abstract: A generator is provided having a first array of magnets and a second array of magnets. The first array is typically disposed in a first elongated Halbach configuration and the second array of magnets is disposed in a second configuration. The first and second arrays are configured to manipulate a net flux field to form a figure eight flux field between the first and second arrays. At least one coil disposed between the first and second arrays, such that relative movement of the first and second arrays with respect to the first coil generates an electric current.